tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-50576220785761717872024-03-12T21:12:48.637-07:00Global Warming EffectsGlobal Warminghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11353487146513918826noreply@blogger.comBlogger50125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5057622078576171787.post-10784254045775996192011-01-02T23:33:00.001-08:002011-01-02T23:33:19.004-08:00Privacy Policy<b>Privacy Policy for globalwarmingeffectsfortheworld.blogspot.com</b> <br />
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More detailed information about cookie management with specific web browsers can be found at the browsers' respective websites.Global Warminghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11353487146513918826noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5057622078576171787.post-89431679050802870272010-12-27T08:23:00.002-08:002011-01-02T23:30:21.183-08:00Flower Power Made Our Climate Grow<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5CNsjurHC6Opw_x3mFICqC45Z0JwTguyJNV9-ciwd9mnz1Bdbr-k9quMPoTrQnUe4Yh-44Sfi1xqAiW2khUagLvS-LaJGixtNGJBSOS1C3CsmbRXxEQaYak7nRZiEUtQ41TfcaH28Va9R/s1600/flower.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5CNsjurHC6Opw_x3mFICqC45Z0JwTguyJNV9-ciwd9mnz1Bdbr-k9quMPoTrQnUe4Yh-44Sfi1xqAiW2khUagLvS-LaJGixtNGJBSOS1C3CsmbRXxEQaYak7nRZiEUtQ41TfcaH28Va9R/s320/flower.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">This is a startling and completely unexpected result. I am totally cognizant of the powerful role of transpiration in sustaining rainfall over ecology. The great tropical rainforests are convincing demonstrations. It is core to my proposal to restore the <st1:place w:st="on">Sahara</st1:place> and the Asian dry lands.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">That it was way more difficult before flowering plants was not obvious at all.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">This suggests that upland habitat was typically dryer and way more extensive everywhere except local wetlands. Suddenly <st1:place w:st="on">Northern Australia</st1:place> looks like home for dinosaurs and the whole remnant ecosystem.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">This also suggests that flowering plants are way more proficient at absorbing carbon.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">The rainforests would likely have been hugely constrained to their best drainage and wetlands with intervening dry highlands. The deserts may not have been much larger but plenty of land would have been seriously marginal. Again think about Australia. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><i>Flower Power Makes Tropics Cooler, Wetter<o:p></o:p></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/06/100616133327.htm">http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/06/100616133327.htm</a></i><b><i><span style="color: #990000;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: #666666;">ScienceDaily (July 19, 2010)</span></i><i> — The world is a cooler, wetter place because of flowering plants, according to new climate simulation results published in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B. The effect is especially pronounced in the Amazon basin, where replacing flowering plants with non-flowering varieties would result in an 80 percent decrease in the area covered by ever-wet rainforest.<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i>The simulations demonstrate the importance of flowering-plant physiology to climate regulation in ever-wet rainforest, regions where the dry season is short or non-existent, and where biodiversity is greatest.<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i>"The vein density of leaves within the flowering plants is much, much higher than all other plants," said the study's lead author, C. Kevin Boyce, Associate Professor in Geophysical Sciences at the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename w:st="on">Chicago</st1:placename></st1:place>. "That actually matters physiologically for both taking in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere for photosynthesis and also the loss of water, which is transpiration. The two necessarily go together. You can't take in CO<sub>2</sub> without losing water."<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i>This higher vein density in the leaves means that flowering plants are highly efficient at transpiring water from the soil back into the sky, where it can return to Earth as rain.<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i>"That whole recycling process is dependent upon transpiration, and transpiration would have been much, much lower in the absence of flowering plants," Boyce said. "We can know that because no leaves throughout the fossil record approach the vein densities seen in flowering plant leaves."<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i>For most of biological history there were no flowering plants -- known scientifically as angiosperms. They evolved about 120 million years ago, during the Cretaceous Period, and took another 20 million years to become prevalent. Flowering species were latecomers to the world of vascular plants, a group that includes ferns, club mosses and confers. But angiosperms now enjoy a position of world domination among plants.<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i>"They're basically everywhere and everything, unless you're talking about high altitudes and very high latitudes," Boyce said.<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i>Dinosaurs walked the Earth when flowering plants evolved, and various studies have attempted to link the dinosaurs' extinction or at least their evolutionary paths to flowering plant evolution. "Those efforts are always very fuzzy, and none have gained much traction," Boyce said.<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i>Boyce and Lee are, nevertheless, working toward simulating the climatic impact of flowering plant evolution in the prehistoric world. But simulating the Cretaceous Earth would be a complex undertaking because the planet was warmer, the continents sat in different alignments and carbon- dioxide concentrations were different.<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i>"The world now is really very different from the world 120 million years ago," Boyce said.<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><i>Building the Supercomputer Simulation<o:p></o:p></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i>So as a first step, Boyce and co-author with Jung-Eun Lee, Postdoctoral Scholar in Geophysical Sciences at UChicago, examined the role of flowering plants in the modern world. Lee, an atmospheric scientist, adapted the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">National</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Center</st1:placetype></st1:place> for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model for the study.<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i>Driven by more than one million lines of code, the simulations computed air motion over the entire globe at a resolution of 300 square kilometers (approximately 116 square miles). Lee ran the simulations on a supercomputer at the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center in Berkeley, Calif.<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i>"The motion of air is dependent on temperature distribution, and the temperature distribution is dependent on how heat is distributed," Lee said. "Evapo-transpiration is very important to solve this equation. That's why we have plants in the model."<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i>The simulations showed the importance of flowering plants to water recycling. Rain falls, plants drink it up and pass most of it out of their leaves and back into the sky.<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i>In the simulations, replacing flowering plants with non-flowering plants in eastern <st1:place w:st="on">North America</st1:place> reduced rainfall by up to 40 percent. The same replacement in the Amazon basin delayed onset of the monsoon from Oct. 26 to Jan. 10.<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i>"Rainforest deforestation has long been shown to have a somewhat similar effect," Boyce said. Transpiration drops along with loss of rainforest, "and you actually lose rainfall because of it."<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i>Studies in recent decades have suggested a link between the diversity of organisms of all types, flowering plants included, to the abundance or rainfall and the vastness of tropical forests. Flowering plants, it seems, foster and perpetuate their own diversity, and simultaneously bolster the diversity of animals and other plants generally. Indeed, multiple lineages of plants and animals flourished shortly after flowering plants began dominating tropical ecosystems.<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i>The climate-altering physiology of flowering plants might partly explain this phenomenon, Boyce said. "There would have been rainforests before flowering plants existed, but they would have been much smaller," he said.<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>Global Warminghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11353487146513918826noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5057622078576171787.post-9497571723003081152010-12-27T08:23:00.001-08:002011-01-02T23:30:21.188-08:00Global Salmon Study Shows 'Sustainable' Food May Not Be So SustainableFrom: <span class="name"><a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/" target="_blank">Science Daily</a></span> <br /><br /><div class="controls"><div id="related"><div class="header">RELATED ARTICLES</div><ul><li><a href="http://www.enn.com/top_stories/article/40669">$30.6M in Stimulus Funds Give US Hydroelectric Projects a New Spark</a><br /><i>November 5, 2009 09:28 AM</i></li><li><a href="http://www.enn.com/top_stories/article/40679">Business Execs Plan to Boost Clean-Tech Investments Next Year</a><br /><i>November 9, 2009 09:21 AM</i></li><li><a href="http://www.enn.com/top_stories/article/40671">Clean Energy Legislation Will Boost US Manufacturing Jobs </a><br /><i>November 5, 2009 10:21 AM</i></li><li><a href="http://www.enn.com/top_stories/article/40693">Land Use Change an Overlooked Cause of Global Warming</a><br /><i>November 11, 2009 10:27 AM</i></li></ul></div><img src="http://www.enn.com/image_for_articles/40766-1.jpg/medium" style="float: left;" /> </div>Popular thinking about how to improve <a class="kLink" href="http://www.enn.com/wildlife/article/40766#" id="KonaLink0" style="position: static; text-decoration: underline ! important;" target="undefined"><span style="color: green; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12.2333px; font-weight: 400; position: static;"><span class="kLink" style="color: green; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12.2333px; font-weight: 400; position: static;">food</span></span></a> systems for the better often misses the point, according to the results of a three-year global study of salmon production systems. Rather than pushing for organic or land-based production, or worrying about simple metrics such as "food miles," the study finds that the world can achieve greater <a class="kLink" href="http://www.enn.com/wildlife/article/40766#" id="KonaLink1" style="position: static; text-decoration: underline ! important;" target="undefined"><span style="color: green; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12.2333px; font-weight: 400; position: static;"><span class="kLink" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1px solid green; color: green; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12.2333px; font-weight: 400; position: static;">environmental</span></span><span class="preLoadWrap" id="preLoadWrap1" style="position: relative;"><div id="preLoadLayer1" style="display: none; left: -18px; position: absolute; top: -32px; z-index: 4000;"><img src="http://kona.kontera.com/javascript/lib/imgs/grey_loader.gif" style="border: 0px none;" /></div></span></a> benefits by focusing on improvements to key aspects of production and distribution.<br />For example, what farmed salmon are fed, how wild salmon are caught and the choice to buy frozen over fresh matters more than organic vs. conventional or wild vs. farmed when considering global scale environmental impacts such as <a class="kLink" href="http://www.enn.com/wildlife/article/40766#" id="KonaLink2" style="position: static; text-decoration: underline ! important;" target="undefined"><span style="color: green; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12.2333px; font-weight: 400; position: static;"><span class="kLink" style="color: green; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12.2333px; font-weight: 400; position: static;">climate </span><span class="kLink" style="color: green; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12.2333px; font-weight: 400; position: static;">change</span></span></a>, ozone depletion, loss of critical habitat, and ocean acidification.<br />he study is the world's first comprehensive global-scale look at a major food commodity from a full life cycle perspective, and the researchers examined everything -- how salmon are caught in the wild, what they're fed when farmed, how they're transported, how they're consumed, and how all of this contributes to both environmental degradation and socioeconomic benefits.<br />Article continues: <a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/11/091124152803.htm">http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/11/091124152803.htm</a>Global Warminghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11353487146513918826noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5057622078576171787.post-38279924154450949542010-12-27T08:23:00.000-08:002011-01-02T23:30:21.193-08:00Schwarzenegger to Obama cabinet: Water... please!From: <span class="name"><a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/environmentNews/idUSTRE5817FK20090902?feedType=RSS&feedName=environmentNews" target="_blank">Peter Henderson, Reuters</a></span> <br /><span class="date"></span> <br /><h1>Schwarzenegger to Obama cabinet: Water... please!</h1><div style="clear: both;"><div class="controls"><img src="http://www.enn.com/image_for_articles/40437-1.jpg/medium" style="float: left;" /> </div>SAN FRANCISCO (Reuters) - California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger has demanded that President Barack Obama's cabinet rethink federal policy that would divert water from parched farms and cities to threatened fish, his administration said on Wednesday.<br />California's rivers used to brim with salmon and sturgeon, but a massive system of canals diverted water that fed farms and cities, now suffering through a third year of drought.<br />Schwarzenegger has gained credibility as an environmentalist for his push to curb greenhouse gases but he argued that federal plans to save fish will worsen a water crisis that has cost <a class="kLink" href="http://www.enn.com/ecosystems/article/40437#" id="KonaLink0" style="position: static; text-decoration: underline ! important;" target="undefined"><span style="color: green; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12.2333px; font-weight: 400; position: static;"><span class="kLink" style="color: green; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12.2333px; font-weight: 400; position: static;">farmers</span></span></a> more than $700 million and caused mandatory rationing in cities of the most populous state.<br /><a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/environmentNews/idUSTRE5817FK20090902?feedType=RSS&feedName=environmentNews">Article continues</a></div>Global Warminghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11353487146513918826noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5057622078576171787.post-16400268534689860982010-08-16T21:06:00.000-07:002011-01-02T23:30:21.196-08:00Global Warming - Burning My Iceland<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://discovery-globalwarming.blogspot.com/" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3eEm27odZ941pDFeJCxgUj6HCsIl_nnNzPcXn7dxrIiT5Eu_qIO3ePlsBOPjlSKZz6CD7v6P35nc_UC8ea51eKFNqedSXw3-_ohyn812kz0RM4gG0xoSQaSFxTiuDfuCfSZQwk_axqi4/s320/global-warming.jpg" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Living on a tropical island, is quite unique. If you love the natural world, there are many things you could do it. I grew up in a small valley in the hills south of my island and I have known my whole life.<br /><br />Field trips to a pretty fast pace of the canyon hills hundred meters is all worth it when I have to choose a place near the top only. It is a true blessing to be able to do. It is a wonderful job, too. The tops of steep hills to near the base is covered by savannah grasslands. The very steep slopes and along its base are wooded ravine. More than jungle delirium. If you look in the mountains in the distance, are the golden color of the meadows a great contrast to the dark green jungle hills. It is amazing to know how my mind that a hundred years ago, almost all of these dark hills. Jungles all the way up. Wow. And one reason why not.<br /><br />Fire was a tool for humans used almost since its discovery. He also has done before. And one of the biggest weapons for hunting deer has become here in the jungles of the south. What they do is a fire. Just set a fire the flame and let it rip. Help if you would have difficulties. For once it's gone and burning in arable soil, a wonderful thing called life happens next. New shoots of grass from the hills and burned black. And the deer is probably a surprise, because they consume these tender buds. The wild hunter waits.<br /><br />Oh, but all the other things that there was kindled a fire in the hills happened. Surely this is not the arsonist would have thought about it. Let us straight in the direction that things go happen. The fire is determined and set on fire. The atmosphere is the first hit. A powerful greenhouse gas (carbon dioxide), a by-product of combustion of vegetation is directly exposed to the atmosphere. But wait. We do not really feel their effects for a long time. No, not right. Global warming. Exactly. It is not surprising that the collective memory of vegetation in the world is still a significant contribution to global warming? his strike.<br /><br />While in the flames, a fire are often lost in a jungle. The fire will stop, right? That is true. The last time. But the fire will not die once they walk into the jungle. He has to burn its way into a little "to run into the water and most of the jungle. You know, it will take at least one meter. Do burnout. So how can you burn burn, walking to the size of forests . The more you burn, the less the jungle. Strike two.<br /><br />Now, the fire died and the hills are bare. When the rain comes, and then the soil to wash away. I have never burned washed flee a hill by the rain. Soil erosion by sedimentation in water. But that does not matter. The ocean is big. Will not hurt. In the grand scheme of the oceans, not too much. For aquatic life in rivers, coral, and the open sea populations that feed and live on these reefs, the damage is absolutely fatal. Strike three.<br /><br />Add all. We have professionals on the one hand, the shot immediately after a new fire is enticing deer. It would be easier to catch. And only useful for the hunter. We are opposite on the other side, and the list is impressive.<br /><br />- The air in our atmosphere gets an infusion of a potent greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming. We know without doubt that large and persistent global warming has caused and is accelerating, climate change may very well end our day.<br /><br />- It is the country. Our lower jungle. This quickly leads to loss of habitat for animals. The bright green jungle of our gold and the sea of our savannas are burned from the hills of text and black. All animals, nests or caves caught fire, food, well, that's just their loss. And if it rains, we lose our topsoil. The roots in the city, burned clean. accelerated soil erosion, I despise. .<br /><br />- It is the sea, rivers are included. Immediately after the soil erosion is the effect of sedimentation. This transported soil spreading. And blankets and suffocates when it finally stabilized. Sedimentation is the bearer of death for microscopic organisms, plants, fish and corals, to say the least. In the aquatic environment, is the destruction of large and extended. Imagine that your air is filled with the ashes of all time. What would be the quality of your life, what then?<br /><br />He has about 700 million tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere every day. There is no doubt, no debate. A large percentage comes from the constant reminder of the natural landscape. We have to change the way they do things.<br /><br />The survival of our race, have to stop global warming. Climate change in progress should be maintained, if not reversed. If we refuse to realize this, it will matter in fifty or a hundred years? Spread the word. Take part. We can still save.</div>Global Warminghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11353487146513918826noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5057622078576171787.post-16371769663077483262010-08-16T21:01:00.000-07:002011-01-02T23:30:21.199-08:00Proof of Evolution and challenges of global warming<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://discovery-globalwarming.blogspot.com/" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIbS20WnR-1EAM5A9bBtqqNGcsIpfHjfC5V4vH6ei5rt-_r_Z36CRUJp8H7d_w7Rvxmxfhgz-sJvEOwCSbz_kkWJIS-ZyYCdFrk6j4uj4ro4QICyJ22AegOf596ZP376oPGO76rjFlbEo/s320/global-warming.jpg" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The idea of anthropogenic global warming is under fire in recent months. Those who collect and disseminate information, it was discovered the numbers have changed, so that man is warming seems to be done.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />Some of these "scientists" are now conceded that the data shows global warming has not happened since 1995.<br /><br />Thousands of scientists have provided information that the idea of artificial contradiction with global warming. Only recently has this idea confirmed.It-against has been shown that global warming scientists "have falsified data. This is already accepted.<br /><br />This reveals the fact that politics can affect the results of some scientists. Ie. Scientists are not all looking for a little 'practice.<br /><br />Our world, of course, seems to be cooling or heating. This site is for thousands of years. However, until now, there is no evidence that humans are the trends van deze case (solar activity seems to be the TE Meest scientific explanation).<br /><br />It 's amazing how the idea of man and global warming seems to Darwinian evolution made in parallel with each other.<br /><br />O data and information was collected mainly in universities and government institutions (this is the fox guarding the hen house?).<br />or Both make use of ad hominem attacks, like the call of the opposition "flat earthers" or other names.<br />Opponents or are prohibited by most of the original data. I'm just not allowed much of the information used to support the ideas seen.<br />o The two have strong support from the media, despite the fact that the scientific evidence against two ideas overhelmingly<br />or Both are strongly encouraged in public schools and universities.<br /><br />It is easier to transmit data on global warming to find (even if the data were kept secret years) is that Darwinism Because dealing with the evolution of different aspects of science.<br />The person is interested in digging beneath the surface of normal university or high school during the next hoaxes (or science just terrible) was used to "prove" the theory of evolution.<br /><br />or Piltdown Man, a creature with characteristics of both humans and monkeys. Used for four decades, the theory of evolution is to take hold "in the United States until someone discovered that the" monkey-man'was formed by mixing of two monkeys and human bones were found with the bones as they age, filed teeth, etc.<br />Or Nebraska man was a man-ape of high-profile ", used in the test Sccopes (high profile). It 'very instrumental in establishing the idea of man evolving from apes. Following this" monkey man "was shooting with a single tooth of an extinct pig.<br />or embryos Haeckel was a chart with various vertebrates that "all steps in the evolution" in its infancy (which is also the same phase of Gill). This image is a hoax at the end of 1800. (Although we still found in many textbooks today).<br /><br />These hoaxes and bad science are not the exception. There are literally dozens of scientific laws, principles and facts that directly contradict the theory of evolution.<br /><br />Statist regimes (including Nazism), socialism and communism are all based on the Darwinian theory of evolution (in particular to eliminate the idea of Judaism and Christianity). Their posters often include the theory behind their ideas.<br /><br />Today it seems that the same people behind the artificial global warming is pushing the idea of evolution.<br /><br />Unless something beneath the surface of typical hand, we remain convinced of information that educators and politicians for decades teaches us that both ideas.<br /><br />Politics and science do not mix. And if they do not mix together, always knowing that suffers at the expense of politics. Recent discoveries have shown that the "science of man-made global warming is seriously compromised. With all the facts that we discover the trend, it seems that the same happens with it as well.<br /><br />For some form of evolution is clear evidence to support the theory, Darwinism is more than likely continue on the same track as the man who took the global warming. It could also last for many decades, however, the current serious problems of evolution to the public.</div>Global Warminghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11353487146513918826noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5057622078576171787.post-14379895706872966562010-08-16T20:57:00.000-07:002011-01-02T23:30:21.203-08:00Why does not Al Gore debate on global warming?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://discovery-globalwarming.blogspot.com/" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuTvJexJ3aMewOBOvqRbZKmmrmuVokNYiCZQi0lflCZntCw3ihkZrSev8Wnd7JBF48u7nGbibr9L11SdQGYxhOl7lqoShoI76IcCDLKPOFh-Ppr2SF2Nt_sUWiU8byOJF0uS1QB-0xOiw/s320/global-warming.jpg" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">As I write this article, the U.S. is a large explosion in the Arctic. E 'was 40 degrees at Miami Orange Bowl, the coldest ever. Beijing, London, Seoul falls and says other parts of the world under the snow important in their history. And Al Gore, there is a need for a debate on planet Earth. I know I would say that this extreme cold is caused by global warming.<br /><br />To say that the two basic facts about global warming come. One thing is global warming. And two, the warming caused by man. He said that the 3,000 scientists around the world and all disciplines of climate in 100% agreement on these two issues.<br /><br />It may surprise you, but I agree with these points. What I can not live without debate position. Who is that Al Gore is he? To begin, it is not even a scientist! If nothing else, you could probably learn a challenge, especially if they are scientific. Heck, I think I can learn a thing or two!<br /><br />I guess that means that the discovery of new evidence or research, contrary to his position, would not be accepted. I wonder if 3000 scientists could find agreement with this statement? Why spend taxpayer money warming of global research, if it did?<br /><br />Does Al believe that man is 100% the cause of global warming? Here I request the data. I read enough science to know that millions of years the Earth was covered with ice. to melt a massive global warming and that man was not there. Scientists tell us that the main causes of submarine volcanoes and the sun, I think the sun and volcanic eruptions are an important part of global warming? I want to hear the percentage of debate. I wonder if it would do more for the environment and put a sock in the mouth of the volcano to another or in the mouth?<br /><br />To say that we go to the disaster in the coming decades. I have heard of freshwater and coastal areas, but what about Chicago. I have neighbors who do not just "warm up have been here. Again, I'm not ready to see the disaster in the future and sees his friends. In the U.S., we have seen cooler temperatures of this decade (it is the Convention on growth Copenhagen climate change by the United Nations), but the carbon emissions of more people. What is the science of climate around this? Then these data suggest at least a period of a catastrophe?<br /><br />All must agree that no study of personal preferences or policies on global warming. He was able to obtain an objective attitude in the treatment of all data completely. We assume that each insured of his advisers, he knew all the possible interpretations of the abuse. There are other models or scenarios that can be accepted. The Admit it, you can not discuss because they would be exposed as a fraudster. Remember, this is the same man who gave us several versions of Al Gore in his presidential race.<br /><br />To have enough money to support the global warming of his family for generations. No descendant of Al Gore will never work. Instead his mantra of "no more debate, I would like to hear" no more dollars "! What about the commitment of all to all the money he makes of global warming on the poorest countries in Africa to make.</div>Global Warminghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11353487146513918826noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5057622078576171787.post-9023639740323703362010-08-16T20:52:00.000-07:002011-01-02T23:30:21.208-08:00You and the global warming debate<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://discovery-globalwarming.blogspot.com/" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrbDXvrcY1z2DSdhhvrNIJWP5AJ5f02qcLbvtJRRUb9xo9KJsDi_J-tmMh4cYeOKYMhcohtkyNlpqXSrAW3IVJNTgcJGWMf6ZIDAWGksokv0f_klR9OQ5ha2UB9fsULvGmYdQz3Zjav5I/s320/global-warming.jpg" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">And 'concern is not the proper way to active scientific argument on global warming. This application is based on best practices of science, scientific data and evaluation of evidence. In the short term in a context of science, the presence of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere creates a greenhouse effect which helps to keep warm. This is acknowledged by all scientists. Global warming scenario arises because we have a lot of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere for our activities - such as burning coal. The more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere can lead to abnormally warm temperatures, with potentially devastating consequences. Scientists have spent years trying to find out if this scenario is correct. Environmentalists say that yes, skeptics say no. Among scientists, the majority say 'yes', but a small and vocal minority crying, no! What about this?</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />The way of working scientists is as follows. We Are Scientists, and I'm one of them, a number of hypotheses, some ideas that we want to control. We make observations and experiments, often supported by calculations. What we are looking for a number of tests, which can, in principle, to show that we are wrong, that we want evidence that potentially can be shown that Our assumption is wrong. It 'important that such evidence exists. If you can get without testing can be done in principle able to demonstrate that your idea is not correct, scientists turn away from you. This may at first seem a bit 'strange, but this is the way we work. What are you doing this to show that neither you nor anyone else can prove that you're so wrong, maybe you're right! Remember, the finding that corresponds to your hypothesis by itself does not prove that your hypothesis is true, because who can say that some other assumptions may not fit the observations?<br /><br />For example, when they met two competing ideas. A classic example is the Copernican system against the old Ptolemaic system of the Sun and planets. Copernican system, with the sun at the center was not accepted by both scientific and religious op gronden was a time when this vastgesteld Ptolemaic "system works equally well - indeed beter in a way. There was no obvious way to demonstrate whether the system is, at that time.<br /><br />Another recent example is the problem of the ozone hole in 1980 and 1990. Hypothesis (a) that emissions of chemicals used in refrigerators and hair sprays, etc., can cause destruction of the ozone layer is over the upper atmosphere. Test to prove that the error may be the following. If we take the concentration of ozone in the upper atmosphere for a period of time, and I think it has not fallen, it falsifies the hypothesis That human activity caused the destruction of the ozone layer - because there is nothing to explain. Note that the position in front of the depletion of ozone observation does not prove that human activities are causing the destruction of the ozone layer. Something, but not necessarily of human activity.<br /><br />Positive feedback is exhausted and then open the question of natural or human activities. All we can do for some is to falsify the hypothesis that human activity has caused the destruction of the ozone layer. What actually happened was the discovery of the ozone layer over the Antarctic ozone hole's mass, with significant ozone depletion. Combined with a healthy observational data of any kind, for which the Nobel Prize, the ozone hole would swift and decisive action in the international form of the Montreal Protocol. Thus, although initially only to distort the situation, a great weight of evidence can be very convincing in the truth of hypotheses. The risk that we are causing the ozone hole was very large.<br /><br />The same scientific method is not applicable in the case of debate global warming. In fact, this method can not, in my view, be applied. However, discussions are mainly represented as scientific debate, with political and economic consequences that follow relied on the results of objective scientific discussion. I maintain that no objective scientific debate, simply because the rules of science are not met. Instead, I propose that this discussion assumes the risk. What is the risk of climate skeptics wrong? What is the risk to the environment (if it is) that he would not? Instead of continuing in this dry, I justify my position, telling an imaginary conversation between two physicists, Horace, and Twinkle.<br /><br />Before you begin, remember, there are two kinds of skeptics of climate skeptics who deny the absolute existence of global warming at all, and skeptics of climate relative who agrees that there is global warming but is not blame our introduction of additional carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which is not our fault. Rather, the observed warming is only part of the natural cycle of the earth. Horace is somewhere in between, mostly relatives, but with a touch of absolute.<br /><br />Enter Horatio and Twinkle, sitting with his coffee in the dining room on the seventh floor of a well-known Department of Physics, who will remain nameless. Dining room overlooking the harbor, and you can change the path to the hills on a day to see clearly how the present. But this is not the position that they are interested. This is an old argument, that focus. Horace is a climate skeptic. Twinkle, his friend, believes that humans cause global warming, and that "something must be done.<br /><br />"This climate of the Copenhagen meeting began," says Twinkle to get the ball rolling.<br /><br />"Yes," replies Horatio. "Let's see if a good case for this time to come, rather than simply repeat the catechism faithful defenders of the environment!<br /><br />And now, "murmurs Twinkle, sipping coffee.<br /><br />"Well, you know what I mean, says Horace." You can see that these emails from the University of East Anglia say. It 's a bit increased.<br /><br />"I've read them. I guess I should respond Twinkle. But it is a normal story. Sceptics say that e-mail to change everything, and great people say that nothing will change. You have heard that the Saudi representative to the meeting in Copenhagen. Talk your interests.<br /><br />"Yes, but you can! Climate change over time, changing a lot. How do we know that, as a result of human activities?<br /><br />"Look, we know something. Outset weather people tell us that the temperature is rising so fast that it must be unnatural. And all models show that if we have more CO2 in the atmosphere cause temperature rise. We created the CO2 'atmosphere. The temperature is rising. of course!<br /><br />"Yes, you are basically good. I agree that more or less. I'm not so sure the temperature is increased. But this is not the point.<br /><br />"What's the point then? Twinkle adds pauses, as Horace with a cup of coffee.<br /><br />Horace takes her hand.<br /><br />"You know, like me that the model .....' begins.<br /><br />"Can I come with you? Socrates, the new professor of Greek, put the tray on the table beside them.<br /><br />"Yes, yes, of course, says Twinkle." We just talked about the climate in Copenhagen.<br /><br />"Yes, I'm just saying that climate models are really bad" Horace again. Socrates Horatio nods and continues. 'Biosphere is not bound up, and worst of all, from a physical point of view, the treatment of clouds just totally unrealistic. We simply can not predict the amount of temperature increase due to the presence of a certain amount of CO2' atmosphere.<br /><br />"These models are really that bad? Socrates asks.<br /><br />"Clouds are the key, says Horace.<br /><br />"Then you do not trust any predictions of the model?" Asks Socrates.<br /><br />"In addition to the overall result of the introduction of CO2 in the atmosphere caused the earth - Horace agree," introduces Twinkle.<br /><br />"Yes, but like the earth?" Said Horace. "I do not think people came out with figures. There is very little influence. Maybe it does not matter what people Have done. Perhaps the most important changes are very natural. Models proves nothing!<br /><br />"Oh, God!" Twinkle says. It is unclear whether this is a common expression of anxiety or attention with his friend and colleague of Horace. Three sat in silence a few minutes, drinking coffee. The silence is broken Socrates.<br /><br />"Can I ask you, Horatio?<br /><br />"Of course!<br /><br />'If I ask you, that no evidence would have changed his mind and said it was wrong, what you reply''<br /><br />"You mean that the observational data?<br /><br />"If you want answers to Socrates.<br /><br />"Well, 'says Horace. And then there is a silence, as he reflects on the question." This is an interesting question.<br /><br />"He wanted to see the growth temperature of 10 degrees, and he knows that he is mistaken," Twinkle introduces cunning.<br /><br />"I never said that!" Horace said, smiling at his friend.<br /><br />"Well, we are waiting. What would convince you're wrong? Requests Twinkle.<br /><br />"Maybe I can ask the same question, Twinkle? Said Socrates. What would convince the skeptics were right all the time?<br /><br />"The fall of 10 degrees temperature! Horace says, laughing.<br /><br />There is silence. But this time it's different kinds of silence. Horace and thought Twinkle.<br /><br />'Well, of course, Twinkle, says over time, "when we went to introduce the current rate of atmospheric CO2 and temperature rise, and then ..... say in the next 50 years .. .. "<br /><br />"What are you, Horace?" Socrates asked how to stop fading.<br /><br />I'm not sure that there is one thing to prove to me that people give answers that significant global warming Horace. Maybe a lot of factors, "he adds.<br /><br />Horace and Twinkle look and frowned. Both know that the theory is a theory, as it is objectionable in principle in an experiment or observation - or at least decent call "thought experiment. Socrates crystallizes their concerns.<br /><br />"I wonder if you could say that global warming is not so much a theory about how you feel?" It gives you an embarrassed chuckle.<br /><br />"Well, there are things that can prove one way or another. Want me to say that this is far from proven, says Horace.<br /><br />"Yes." But asked what would be our position to refute! Twinkle Bulb. In addition, all experiments that do not consider the experiments that we are willing to risk to do, right? How can I do nothing and wait 50 years! This is the problem!<br /><br />Horace pulls a wry face, but are not actively agree.<br /><br />"We can not refer to the question of perceived risks? Asks Socrates. It stops time." As global warming seems compelling, "he added.<br /><br />"You say that with great risk? - I was right, and it is not, and vice versa? Requests Twinkle<br /><br />"Hey, wait, I. ..." Horace said, see the issue.<br /><br />"Well, it must be admitted, because none of us are acceptable evidence, or Rather, a refutation, is down on the risks, is not it? Interrupt Twinkle.<br /><br />"You mean the more serious consequences if the skeptics are wrong? Socrates asked Twinkle.<br /><br />"I must say, Twinkle says," is not it? "<br /><br />"Look, it's crazy." Horace is a bit 'crazy. "Therefore, nobody could have predicted the end of the world, but because we can not disprove, we need to place ITS head. This is not science, it's anarchy!<br /><br />"Yes, this is a good philosophy," says Twinkle. " I totally agree with you that if I have a crazy theory, this is for me to try to prove that is not for you to refute. But there are two things. First, we agree that global warming can not be proved or disproved in a way that satisfies us. Secondly, the theory is not crazy .... in reality, not just a theory, Socrates turned to us. But this is a good qualitative basis, although not quantitative, agree. I think, Socrates asked the right question. Comments that convince you that you're wrong? I have no answer. You do not understand. The risk we are talking about, not worthy of rigorous science. The risk of error is worse, Horatio, than risk my mistakes. "<br /><br />Horace grumble, but retains his world.<br /><br />What follows from this conclusion? I suspect most people will look at Twinkle. Adverse effects of environmental misconduct, of course, because we are many resources, human and natural, very effective in combating a nonexistent problem to use. Perhaps global economic growth will be slower than usual. However, as Horace wrong, and we do little or nothing in his opinion, no single package of bank's survival, advertisements, chairman of the Federal Reserve System of wisdom from any source, to save us from a series of disasters, the least that can be major problems. Most people, almost all countries at the meeting in Copenhagen, the defender of the "precautionary principle. They are divided on the side of Twinkle. Precautions should be taken.<br /><br />Parts of the above vision is a bit 'different from the global warming debate. This is a relief, because the way the discussion tends to believe that it is absolutely impossible for a layman to understand that scientists believe, even when the disputes between environmentalists alone. It is said that sea level rise of 3 feet, others say six feet! How to know who is right? You can not make your mind from the effects of global warming, climate scientists to listen to dissent, that the better the general pattern of atmospheric circulation on Earth! In my opinion, the above is that the global warming debate is not based on science, because the correct application of standard scientific arguments are not sufficient. Thus, the non-scientist simply make their own choices based on how they see the danger, not realizing that their lack of experience prevent them from holding opinions.</div>Global Warminghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11353487146513918826noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5057622078576171787.post-79509530465720790382010-08-16T20:45:00.000-07:002011-01-02T23:30:21.213-08:00Articles Global Warming About<div class="separator" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><a href="http://discovery-globalwarming.blogspot.com/"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2AHVa09QOwVFnN-RObqIHmzA9AMiUruCmiQ1OJdj8j0DvoDih5ztSPoknTwPY0nRSI0zDbj8rod0S8YqLUMhHB2eaGakiS_f9CTEzxSmfFbZb0_n37vtKvzgFC8w88WLv8GMQrL0B2F8/s320/global-warming.jpg" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">This is not the time to be complacent and apathetic. We need to act positively and constructively. There is pain and destruction is imminent. We must not shy away from the truth, but "An Inconvenient Truth" can be. It's time to put our shoulders to the wheel and focused with all the concentration. With global warming going to engulf us. And if we spend too much time, we really swallow. Then you walk in the dark. We can provide the biggest disaster that we saw and spoke only to fight in the exciting films remains to be established in fact. If global warming is expanding its tentacles over us, will not continue reading this article. Why humanity will die!</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Understanding global warming</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Global warming is a phenomenon that occurred for some time. Our blue planet hotter because of the increased volume of carbon dioxide. tons of carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels and nonrenewable resources such as coal, natural gas, gasoline, oil, oil shale, etc. The use of fossil fuels on a large scale began with the 16 th century Industrial Revolution in the early Great Britain and colonies of Great Britain. The Industrial Revolution witnessed the opening of the steam engine that runs on fossil fuels. But for centuries, scientists have found that gradually burning of fossil fuels is associated with high levels of air pollution. Burning of fossil fuels leads to a large percentage of harmful gases such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen, etc., left in the atmosphere. These toxic gases have a negative impact on the climate and ecology of our planet. They also have a negative impact on our health.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen in the water with the formation of corrosive acids, dissolve, damage irreparably damage the graves and palaces of marble.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Sulphur dioxide and water, sulfuric acid (very aggressive)</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Nitrogen dioxide and water to nitric acid (strong corrosive acid)</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Sustainable</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Therefore, when these toxic gases in a mixture of water and form rain water, the inevitable consequence of acid rain, acid rain, such as vulgar. This acid rain can eat the surface of architectural splendor, as mentioned above. Refinery near the Taj Mahal in Agra, India released a deadly gas into the air above the mausoleum. These gases have led to the formation of acid rains, which have a devastating impact on this area was pure white marble Taj Mahal. The destruction was so great that the management of the plant will be developed by the Government of India, and environmental activists. The factory was ordered to reduce their emissions to reduce the high level of production and close some of its activities on a beautiful monument and the tomb of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan and his wife Mumtaz Mahal (then the name of the monument) to prevent all falls to pieces. The plant has made several attempts to methods for their production, planting trees, through the development of ecological park, which currently is home to many migratory birds and rare birds. protection, and a sincere response from the plant one of the seven wonders of the modern world of decadence, reassured the government and activists. However, environmental defenders could not sleep. We hurt hundreds of companies around the world, environmental laws and regulations in their daily lives. Measures for environmental protection should be done in the long term. environmental projects in the short term and sudden provocation "ecological systems" for the sake of advertising and image quality are desirable, nor useful. Sustainable development and environmental protection are the only weapon we have to deal with global warming.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Greenhouse</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The temperature on our planet is increasing because of global warming. The burning of fossil fuels will lead to emissions of greenhouse gases. Carbon dioxide, water vapor and methane, some of the greenhouse gases are known. These gases absorb infrared radiation, and to give. Greenhouse gases tend to trap heat and raising temperatures on our planet. Thus, as a result of greenhouse gas emissions, which is our planet is always heated by an enormous size and global warming in this steady rise in temperatures and parameters of the catastrophic consequences for our planet and our lives. The hot air melts the glaciers and snowy peaks of thawing. When the heat intense, ice and snow, most of the mountain ranges around the world will melt very quickly. Melted ice and snow will enter the waters of rivers and eventually into the sea, and the unprecedented rise in sea level. Swell rivers and seas overflow and flood the country. Coste vanish, plunge whole countries. In addition to flooding, extreme weather events such as heatwaves and cold periods, floods, droughts, hurricanes and other T'ikapapa global warming.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Deforestation</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Deforestation is another aspect that global warming, because it causes an abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide. Global warming is already installed on our planet. Nevertheless, if global warming is underway, will eliminate all existing forests of our planet, and cause complete destruction of marine flora and fauna. Thus, global warming, deforestation and global warming, which, in turn, causes the causes blurred woods. What a vicious circle!</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Ozone layer</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The ozone layer protects the earth from ultraviolet radiation, direct and unapologetic (UV) rays of the sun is exhausted. Some gases better than chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and halons and CFCs or hydrobromofluorocarbons produced by our industry as we know, the food ozone. Aerosols produced various industries because of the ozone layer wear away. Ata ozone hole or depression in the ozone layer, usually a hole in the ozone layer. As the ozone hole is growing in this area, more UV rays penetrate the Earth's atmosphere as possible. Elevated levels of ultraviolet radiation in the atmosphere make our planet uninhabitable. Excessive exposure to UV radiation leads to the development of skin cancer and cataracts in humans. Excessive exposure to UV radiation also causes irreparable damage to many species of animals and plants. The consequences of this is an incurable problem in the food chain. Ozone depletion is a very contentious issue, as professionals, as well as disadvantages. Irony (w) hole in connection with the fact that ozone is a greenhouse gas. Too much is growing, and global warming is not a sufficient population, complete skin cancer outcome.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Meltdown</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">This distribution differs from the economic collapse that we have recently experienced. Although we have yet again demonstrated that the feet of decline in the autumn, we, our proven, or someone did not like and does not affect if all caps melting icecaps and glaciers in the world, and if we used these phenomena, and widespread fear of global warming.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">We are ready ...?</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Unfortunately, I'm not ready to face a catastrophe of this magnitude. We have divided among us, to reduce emissions in countries and to what extent. At various meetings and conferences at the highest level, we only discuss the numbers, levels and prices, and the land is ticking biological clock threatened. There is no unity among all developed countries, developing and underdeveloped countries because of global warming. Everyone agrees that global warming is a threat to universal disaster and spells destruction. But the big question: which country has jurisdiction and that the country should take the initiative to sharply reduce harmful emissions. Blame blame and Buck everywhere, and pointed accusing fingers, increasing the burden of proof, and allegations against the prosecution and it seems that on the agenda, while global warming continues to constantly engulf our planet. Developed countries are always ready to correct the pressure and intimidation in the less developed countries, as well as supporting LDCs to developed countries, the slogan of hoarseness. Mercury does not show signs of weakness. You can shoot at an alarming rate, and the policy is a step ahead of speeches, debates, heated mirrors, power and domination.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Real enemy</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">What the hell are we all, for all of us? Time is running out. Get up, wake up, all you dream and stop the controversy and strife. We want another disaster like what happened 65 million years, and erased all the dinosaurs on Earth? No, we want to be destroyed. And it keeps us united against a common cause? What prevents us put aside our individual problems? Because in reality we are all made from the same creator. Rather than emphasize that because we have decided to forget and focus on our differences a number of other walls that we built our country into a nation, race, state by state, race, and man by man? There is a big enemy of global warming? Enemy who is in ourselves?</div><div style="text-align: justify;">The choice is ours. If we work together and make concerted efforts to avoid global warming, or let the enemy within us, to create several groups with us and beat us all. If we keep the enemy at a distance, for us, we will eventually overcome all of us. And if we, the people of 21 century living in this beautiful, middle and base enough to prefer the power and political interests should be protected, and racism, and not threaten our planet, we must win by heating in general. Because our opponents do not seem to global warming, but ourselves.</div>Global Warminghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11353487146513918826noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5057622078576171787.post-59206096257688551482010-08-16T20:37:00.000-07:002011-01-02T23:30:21.217-08:00Warning on global warming the gullible<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9PcrS-h4fPYhpzfi76juuvs3IigrgHu_HUXBm_ivOHMWAy06NNMQIRmbBpS23f7HnTx_FOQB098p8LwOjF7_KcioVic1C33iAm33hyphenhyphen5_7iAmnsdET8bZfsy2M6w1U6WDVYFnnI7ee87s/s1600/global-warming.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9PcrS-h4fPYhpzfi76juuvs3IigrgHu_HUXBm_ivOHMWAy06NNMQIRmbBpS23f7HnTx_FOQB098p8LwOjF7_KcioVic1C33iAm33hyphenhyphen5_7iAmnsdET8bZfsy2M6w1U6WDVYFnnI7ee87s/s320/global-warming.jpg" /></a></div><br />It is not surprising that with all the talk about global warming (GW), which we<br />was only one of its coldest winter we have had for a long time? Of 2007<br />Farmers' Almanac, which provides forecasts are accurate to 85%<br />cold temperatures, up to 20 degrees below seasonal norms (and<br />almost 40 degrees colder than last winter), in Montana, the Dakotas and parts of Wyoming. For the Gulf Coast through New England,<br />unusually cold shower, "the conditions are to be expected. Snow,<br />much of it is also for the belly of the nation, part of the new forecast<br />England and the mountains of the northwestern Pacific. "The Great Lakes<br /><div style="text-align: justify;">and Ohio River Valley is the only area to be spared the extreme cold,<br />Shows Sandi Duncan, editor in chief, "but that does not mean that this area<br />not without significant snowfall and cold periods. "<br /><br />Wonder why they did not get the message!<br /><br />Recently we had a 11-year-old who literally in tears<br />to discuss progress for the GW fear in the school. The<br />Child argues that "If the world ends, why worry about something<br />but sat with my family? "<br /><br />Any natural disaster takes place these days, the GW is due.<br />Many world leaders to accept as GW, the truth of the Gospel. A recent survey<br />showed that 33% of Americans see GW as a real threat to our<br />exist. TV shows such as Discovery "Planet Earth" are strong,<br />large pieces of propaganda for the agenda of GW.<br /><br />A question of faith<br /><br />Recently read news item: "Global Warming is not on human health<br />Contribution of carbon dioxide. "Dr. Tim Ball is the Chairman of the<br />Natural Resources Stewardship Project, a Victoria-based<br />Environmental consultant and former professor of climatology at the<br />University of Winnipeg. 02/05/2007 In an article entitled "Global<br />Warming: The cold, hard facts? "Ball writes:" Global Warming, as<br />We think we do not know. And I'm not alone in trying to<br />to open our eyes to the truth ... see only a few listen, despite the fact<br />the fact that I am one of the first Canadian Ph.Ds. was in the climatology and<br />I have extensive experience in climatology, especially the<br />Reconstruction of past climate and the effects of climate change on<br />human history and human existence. to hear soon, even if I<br />a Ph.D. (Doctor of Science), University of London, England<br />and was a professor of climatology at the University of Winnipeg. For<br />For some reason (actually for many), not the world is listening. Here is<br />why.<br /><br />"... What happen, if we'd been told tomorrow that the earth is flat?<br /><br />It was probably the most important news in the media<br />and it would be much discussed. So why is it that when scientists<br />Who said studying the phenomenon of global warming for years<br />People are not the cause nobody listens?<br /><br />"Believe it or not, global warming is not due to human contribution<br />Carbon dioxide (CO2). In fact, this is the greatest deception in the<br />History of science. We waste time, energy and trillions of dollars<br />Creating fear and terror for a problem with<br />no scientific justification. For example, Environment Canada<br />about 3.7 billion dollars in U.S. spending in the last five years dealing with climate<br />almost all on propaganda trying to defend, change an indefensible<br />scientific position while at the same time closing weather stations<br />and not achieving the objectives of pollution established by law.<br /><br />"... To seek the truth, we are lost as individuals and as<br />Society ... There is no evidence that we are, or ever cause global<br />Climate change ... How has the world to believe that something<br />is wrong?<br /><br />"Perhaps for the same reason we believed 30 years ago, and the world<br />Cooling was the biggest threat: a matter of faith. "It's a cold fact: the<br />Global Cooling presents humankind with the most important social<br />political, and the challenge of adjustment that we have employs ten<br />thousand years. Their participation in decisions that we on<br />is extremely important for the survival of ourselves, our children, our<br />Species, "wrote Lowell Ponte in 1976.<br /><br />"I was against the threat of impending doom global cooling<br />Because when I look at the threats to global warming ... Are<br />to deny the phenomenon has occurred. The world has warmed<br />Since 1680, the nadir of a cool period called the Little Ice Age that<br />usually continue until the present. These climatic changes are well<br />within the natural variability and explained quite easily by changes<br />Sun, but it's nothing special happened. "<br /><br />Truth Or ... something else?<br /><br />GW is a fact? Yes indeed. As Dr. Klaus Töpfer, Executive Director<br />the United Nations Environment Programme, said: "Always<br />more people around the world are aware that there is climate change.<br />No one is in doubt. "<br /><br />But do not buy, any advice from Hollywood "scientists" is generated<br />such as Alec Baldwin, Leonardo, Tom Hanks, Will Farrell movies like<br />"The Day After Tomorrow". They took offered by Bate<br />All ex-Veep-time favorite movie maker and Al Gore<br />Global warming crusade. More about him coming (be warned).<br /><br />GW is our fault? No, it is not. Although the European Parliament<br />called for trade sanctions against the United States if it agrees with<br />to reduce CO2 emissions, the scientists always talk<br />For those who say mankind is to blame. Pat climatologist<br />Michaels of the Cato Institute, said: "Climate change, but hey ...<br />the climate in the past without people changed with some<br />to do ... "<br /><br />When we embrace what environmentalists say, we all believe<br />Polar ice caps melt and America's coasts will be flooded<br />shortly. Do not start building an ark yet. When you consider that the North<br />Pole is a huge block of ice floating in the ocean, because it melts at Summer's<br />End, this does not mean sea level. Antarctica is the largest ice<br />the mass of the planet. Experts say that losing the ice.<br /><br />The temperature of our planet, ranging from a minimum<br />Invention of the thermometer. They say it was warmer 1000 years ago<br />If this is the case, but has started cooling. Colonial America was taken over<br />the last days of the Little Ice Age, some of the deepest snow<br />and the coldest temperature recorded in the history of North America. Remember<br />Valley Forge? Jefferson wrote about life in this climate queue<br />to change. In his book "Notes on Virginia," he wrote, "the snow<br />used to lie on the ground for months at a time, so now not only<br />Weeks or days ... "<br /><br />It was not until 1800. 1816 known as the "year without summer."<br />Today, some climatologists are worried about other Ice Age<br />global warming. CBN News reported that "experts<br />stifled by a worldwide movement to make global warming<br />Skeptics as evil, even comparing with people, to deny the existence<br />Holocaust. "<br /><br />CBN continues: "At least part of the hatred of the left parties in Europe<br />George Bush is his refusal to the Kyoto Protocol (KP) to sign<br />Agreement between the industrialized nations to lower carbon dioxide<br />Emissions as a way to combat global warming. But not all<br />President Bush's fault - under President Clinton, killed the Senate<br />Treaty 95 to nothing. But at the 2005 G-8 summit in Scotland, United Kingdom<br />Prime Minister Tony Blair has called on U.S. President Bush to finally join the<br />to combat global warming.<br /><br />Although it was signed symbolically, Bush declared, "America's<br />should embrace restraint with a bad contract does not read our<br />Friends and allies as any abdication of responsibility. In contrast,<br />My government is to provide a leadership role in the question of the committed<br />Climate change ... Our approach must be consistent with the long-term<br />Objective of stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. "<br /><br />It has been said that the reason that the U.S. has not ratified, the agreement is that<br />In contrast to Europe, we recognize that the Kyoto Protocol to do nothing<br />measurable global warming. In other words: "G. Dubya 'is not<br />decreased for the entire GW. According to one estimate, would be a<br />Difference of only seven hundredths of a degree Celsius, according to a<br />50 years - an amount too small to measure. The European response<br />seems to be doing, "At least something!"<br /><br />Yes, they do something. The Bush Administration<br />Perspective, they are wasting money that you can use it to invest in<br />Future technologies, throws himself on solar energy and windmills. This<br />noted that the biggest proponents of the framework in developed countries<br />World have the worst economy, most with unemployment in double digits<br />(The United States is only 4.4%, by the way). Critics say the signing of the Kyoto<br />Year would take billions of our gross domestic product. New<br />Technology will replace fossil fuels, unless<br />Cripple their economies first concepts such as the Kyoto Protocol.<br /><br />CBN relations, Stephen Milloy, who runs JunkScience.com, says<br />Companies to pressure from environmental activists yielding.<br />He said: "Global warming pushers go to companies<br />As a management company to support both the Kyoto Protocol or other<br />GW provisions. Finally, the development of sufficient political<br />support companies that start businesses, bold<br />GW lobbying for restrictions in the U.S. "<br /><br />An absurd TRICK<br /><br />"Scientists have an independent obligation to respect and submit<br />Truth as they see it, "Al Gore calls his film" An Inconvenient Truth. "<br />Verissimo asks Al to them: "What do world climate experts actually<br />Thoughts about the science of the film? "<br /><br />Professor Bob Carter Marine Geophysical Laboratory at James<br />Cook University, says: "indirect Gore's arguments are so weak<br />are pathetic. It is simply incredible that they, and his film,<br />Commander of the public attention. "<br /><br />Carter is to be sure what part of the Gore-sites like small paintings<br />"Climate change skeptics" who do not agree with the majority<br />Scientists. "Y'think? In fact, according to Tom Harris, Executive<br />Natural Resources Stewardship Project Director, is a Carter<br />Hundreds of highly qualified non-governmental, non-industry, non-lobby<br />Group climate experts who are against the hypothesis that human emissions<br />CO2 climate change causing significant overall. By<br />Harris, "Climate experts" is the operative word here. Why? "Why<br />What Gore's "majority of scientists" think is immaterial when only a<br />very small fraction of them actually work in the field of climate change. "<br /><br />While scientists focus their research on global change everything<br />Polar bears on Poison Ivy, which are not all as climate<br />Experts change.<br /><br />Carter writes: "We used to hear most scientists, the real data<br />try to understand what nature actually tell us something about the causes and<br />Extent of global climate change. In this relatively small community,<br />There is no consensus, regardless of what Gore and others suggest. "<br />He gives an example of the debate we almost never GW<br />listen<br /><br />Carleton University paleoclimatologist Professor Tim Patterson - "There is<br />is no significant correlation between CO2 and global temperature<br />About this [time] geology. In fact, when CO2 levels were over ten<br />times higher than they are now, about 450 million years ago, the planet<br />was in the bottom of the absolute coldest period in the second half billion<br />Years ... How can you still believe that the recent relatively small<br />increased CO2 emissions would be the main cause of the last century<br />modest warming? "<br /><br />"Patterson concluded his testimony by explaining what his research and<br />"Hundreds of other studies show: on all time scales, it is very good<br />Correlation between the Earth's temperature and natural celestial phenomena<br />such as changes in the brightness of the sun ... Antarctica has survived<br />warm and cold events over millions of years. A merger is not easy<br />a realistic scenario in the near future, "said Carter.<br /><br />Gore says in the film, since 1970 there was a steep<br />drop-off in the quantity and the size and thickness of Arctic ice cap. "<br />This is misleading, according to Ball: "The survey that Gore cites was<br />a transect of the Arctic basin in the month<br />In October 1960, when we were in the middle of the cooling system<br />Period. In the year 1990 is done in the warmer months of September,<br />with a completely different technology. "<br /><br />A document in 2003 from the University of Alaska professor Igor published<br />Polyakov shows that the Arctic, where temperature increases<br />supposedly endangering polar bears showed fluctuations since 1940 but<br />no global warming.<br /><br />Dr. Wibjorn Karlen, emeritus professor, Department of Physical Geography<br />And Quaternary Geology, Stockholm University, Sweden - "For a number of<br />published documents is a decline in the last 50 years "<br /><br />Carter added: "What Gore's view of the world<br />Warming ... In addition to the northwest in the areas of the mass cooling<br />Cooling are in North and South Pacific, all of<br />Valley of the Amazon, on the north coast of South America and the Caribbean;<br />Eastern Mediterranean, Black Sea, Caucasus and Red Sea, New<br />New Zealand and even the Ganges Valley in India. ... "<br /><br />"Gore's point that 200 cities and towns in the American West all the time to<br />High temperature records is also misleading, "says Carter.<br />Dr. Roy Spencer, Principal Research Scientist at the University of<br />Huntsville, Alabama - "There are for some locations, the unusual<br />Thousands of towns and villages in the United States, has broken all records, "said<br />says. "The facts also show that the temperatures in the past<br />U.S. were not unusual. "<br /><br />Carter added: "He [Gore] is an embarrassment to U.S. science and its<br />many good doctors, many of whom know (but I do not feel<br />publicly) that his propaganda crusade is mainly due to junk science. "<br />How is this criticism? Hollywood, the film has an Oscar<br />Best Documentary - that speaks volumes to me - and Gore<br />was nominated for the Nobel Prize in October for its wide<br />efforts to attract the attention of the world to the dangers of global warming.<br /><br />Deception is everywhere at all times.<br /><br />As others have said, follow the money and those who<br />Cult to find out what really happened. Or Gore<br />Concept of "carbon offsets, which it would be the richest man in town<br />(By the way, he has made a firm * credits to buy<br />to help us in all our carbon footprint - a concept to reduce<br />to pay, make sure that we are used to license fees for the use of fossil fuels), or a proposal<br />CO2 tax would not solve a problem to reduce emissions<br />also shown that there is someone who elbows her money machine<br />This disaster required.<br /><br />* The supplier offset invested his money in planting trees and projects<br />similar projects, the position of the environmental impact assessment under<br />Their emissions - cars, commercial air transport. One-off by an acquired<br />Non-profit organization for the conservation of the forest in the northwest, or carry<br />could with the restoration of the rainforest in Ecuador to help. This does not apply<br />It is literally a tree in the rainforest of Ecuador with your name<br />on. Unfortunately, customers do not get to decide how their donations<br />distributed. A possible place to go where your money because<br />Thus the project aims to reduce CO2 emissions at truck stops<br />would be that the driver to close in their trucks at night, rather than<br />Idle.<br /><br />Be still and know that I am God<br /><br />Environmentalists say that we do not continue to spew CO2 into the air. I agree<br />We are the best guardians of the planet that God has given us.<br />But I've also read that more air comes out of the kitchen<br />Chinese villages and burn the gas has left the company in the world that the animals<br />our cars and factories. Seriously!<br /><br />The answer skeptical that the world is doomed. Such talk instills fear<br />People and the fear is the belief in the devil. As Christians, our faith FEEL<br />to be in God<br /><br />Be anxious for nothing!<br /><br />Fear not, the Lord is with you!<br /><br />Extreme positions on both sides of the aisle are none of us have ever heard<br />About this issue. It seems to me that there is always something<br />We can all do more. But I can live healthier lives<br />People is known to eat well, exercise and avoiding cigarettes and alcohol, but<br />I was hit by a truck of beer at any time. We have also<br />Care of this beautiful country, but when we had our race, our race over.<br />Heaven and earth will pass away, but the word of God will never<br />Jesus said. The prophecy is fulfilled. Things get worse before<br />better.<br /><br />Meanwhile, we, the church, have a great command<br />keep us busy. We will not change, debating this world through lobbying,<br />make propaganda films, with brief showers or carpool. Namely,<br />After all, that Jesus presents to do.<br /><br />I love this planet. I really am, but we want to be sure to worship the Creator and<br />Not only was his creation.</div>Global Warminghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11353487146513918826noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5057622078576171787.post-16582494736442717322010-08-16T07:10:00.000-07:002011-01-02T23:30:21.224-08:00UFO's On the Record<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhl8VaFJJugE33wctageolfgo2ofgxx0_R1jKLzspYBk-GID6ldIk52Efoe4KK5K5TpH8gHuSSwR7fdoAqtMGHKBq-bU5gS0v1UfLjBwZYT3cETaNo__cbP1ZK0IdrHOiCD_LKUzhr-lMVq/s1600/41XS1uGzXFL._SL500_AA300_.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhl8VaFJJugE33wctageolfgo2ofgxx0_R1jKLzspYBk-GID6ldIk52Efoe4KK5K5TpH8gHuSSwR7fdoAqtMGHKBq-bU5gS0v1UfLjBwZYT3cETaNo__cbP1ZK0IdrHOiCD_LKUzhr-lMVq/s320/41XS1uGzXFL._SL500_AA300_.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">No one on Earth has had the technology to build UFOs. It is only in the past year that we have made the discoveries necessary and confirmed necessary possibilities for building them ourselves. At least now it is possible to establish a targeted program to build the craft with some hope of success.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Those who have followed my posts know also that there is conforming evidence to support the UFOs and their occupants are part of a human space based civilization established around twenty thousand years ago who acted 13,000 years ago to end the northern Ice Age.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Leslie Kean has done us a service by introducing high value authoritative resources to the subject in one book. This will give the subject weight in the </span><st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">US</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> that it has lacked.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">It is noteworthy that a number of countries have thrown their data out on the common pool. The </span><st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">US</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> needs to do the same, since it is obvious that they are just as clueless and that sitting on the evidence is solving nothing.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><a href="http://devoid.blogs.heraldtribune.com/11096/ufos-on-the-record-debunkers-beware/" title="Permanent Link to UFOs On the Record: debunkers beware"><span style="color: #004776;">UFOs On the Record: debunkers beware</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">by <a href="http://devoid.blogs.heraldtribune.com/author/cox/" title="Posts by Billy Cox"><span style="color: #004776;">Billy Cox</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">August 10th, 2010 <o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://devoid.blogs.heraldtribune.com/11096/ufos-on-the-record-debunkers-beware/?pa=all&tc=pgall">http://devoid.blogs.heraldtribune.com/11096/ufos-on-the-record-debunkers-beware/?pa=all&tc=pgall</a><o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">In a different culture, maybe, and were this any other issue,<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> UFOs: Generals, Pilots, and Government Officials Go On the Record</span> would be a game-changer. And it still could be. The long-anticipated results of Leslie Kean’s 10-year investigation reach retailers today with the sort of pedigree that makes it the most important book on UFOs in a generation.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #F3F3F3; line-height: 12.75pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">From the foreword by former Clinton White House chief of staff John Podesta — who reiterates his longstanding contention that any UFO investigation should be transparent — to endorsements by grounded luminaries such as physicist Michio Kaku, <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">UFOs On the Record</span> avoids New Age hokum and will expose debunkers as willfully uninformed, dishonest and/or 100 percent irrelevant.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Readers who’ve followed Kean’s work will know she draws most heavily from the watershed 2007 press conference she staged with documentary filmmaker James Fox. That’s when an international cast of characters — the impeccably credentialed subjects of the book’s subtitle — convened in <st1:state w:st="on">Washington</st1:state> to urge the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">U.S.</st1:country-region></st1:place> to reopen its scientific investigation of UFOs.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">No reason to revisit those details here; you can check it out at the<a href="http://www.freedomofinfo.org/national_press_07/declaration_march.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="color: #004776;">Coalition for Freedom of Information</span></a> or at <a href="http://ufosontherecord.com/" target="_blank"><span style="color: #004776;">UFOs On the Record</span></a>. Ten of those panelists, including two pilots who attacked UFOs in jet fighters, contributed to the the book. As well as the former head of the French equivalent of NASA and <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Brazil</st1:country-region></st1:place>’s chief of Air Force operations.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Given the potential windfall of knowledge embodied by the phenomena, the broader, more dispiriting portrait that emerges is of a nation in an intellectual stupor, conditioned to dismiss the persistent mystery with derision and punchlines. Unable to muster little more than a 40-year-old press release in defense of its inability to secure its own air space, the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">United States</st1:country-region></st1:place> finds itself increasingly isolated amid a bewildered and increasingly vocal global community.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">With <st1:country-region w:st="on">France</st1:country-region> leading the way, 13 countries from <st1:country-region w:st="on">Uruguay</st1:country-region> to the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">United Kingdom</st1:country-region></st1:place> have transferred government UFO records into the public domain. But information-sharing overtures by foreign representatives are greeted with silence by Uncle Sam. The temptation is to argue the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">U.S.</st1:country-region></st1:place> has no incentive to participate due to its likely hoarding of UFO stash inside deep-black Special Access Programs, but Kean wisely chooses not to linger at the conspiracy trough.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Kean contends “the fundamental problem afflicting true understanding of UFOs is ignorance, not secrecy, and that this ignorance is accepted because it serves a political purpose.” That purpose, she continues, is “to maintain the imperative that we must avoid facing the possibility that <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">any</span>UFOs could be extraterrestrial. For if they were, that would mean that these miraculous craft, vehicles, objects of unknown original — whatever they are — are generated by a more powerful ‘other’ from somewhere else.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Her reasoning is sharpened by two political science professors, Dr. Alexander Wendt of Ohio State University, and the University of Minnesota’s Dr. Raymond Duvall, who contribute an essay, “Militant Agnosticism and the UFO Taboo.” They make a strong case that “the problem of UFO ignorance is fundamentally political before it is scientific.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">UFOs: Generals, Pilots and Government Officials Go On the Record</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> is a tightly-constructed call to arms — a plea, actually, against overwhelming cultural odds — for the renewal of honest scientific inquiry into the most profound challenge of our age. The book belongs on the Science, Current Events, or Political Science sections of the chain-store shelves.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">But <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">America</st1:country-region></st1:place> is hard-wired for cliches. If precedent holds and it winds up in the Occult or Astrology ghetto next to the tarot cards and the healing crystals, Kean’s research will have strikes against it before it can even step up to the plate. As always, perception, not reality, is the heavy hitter at the front gate.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>Global Warminghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11353487146513918826noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5057622078576171787.post-32185452270164742532010-08-16T07:05:00.000-07:002011-01-02T23:30:21.234-08:00Chinese Global Exploration<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5SfBYA4DQ2QrXAB-UnBMAS40Gt2ebArx4YASs6SDIspLrEJ-QmJ1Y__ZXMTjUUTg09RoHA7tiJKraE5VQTdx-cRzkfFNFvTcYuhjWjX6FRcItFe0mUQ7VgmayqsEjI_Vl3e8t8ZvVdpUm/s1600/June+Bahtra.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5SfBYA4DQ2QrXAB-UnBMAS40Gt2ebArx4YASs6SDIspLrEJ-QmJ1Y__ZXMTjUUTg09RoHA7tiJKraE5VQTdx-cRzkfFNFvTcYuhjWjX6FRcItFe0mUQ7VgmayqsEjI_Vl3e8t8ZvVdpUm/s320/June+Bahtra.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">There is ample evidence emerging that the Chinese launched a national effort to map the globe in its entirety during the fifteenth century. These maps in some form or the other found their way back to </span><st1:place w:st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Europe</span></st1:place><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> and provide a basis for European efforts to do the same. Thus a lot of information was mapped that could not be explained away through accidental European voyaging.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Here we have more on one of those Chinese maps.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">We have evidence that trade and colonies were established on the West Coast of the </span><st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Americas</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">. This include with the Maya, </span><st1:state w:st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">California</span></st1:state><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> and recently the </span><st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Charlottes</span></st1:place></st1:city><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">. Other locales have likely remained hidden.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">We know when it all ended. We do not really know how long the process was undertaken. The expedition of Zhang He was far too great to be a sudden roll of the dice. It was more the last throw of possibly centuries of private marine enterprise. That last expedition was both following known pathways but picking specific locales to study when stepping out.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">They also were prepped to establish several colonies along the way. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">It is up to archeology now that we have a good working hypothesis.</span><o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21.0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nailing their colors to the mast<o:p></o:p></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 6; text-align: justify;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">By Mike Peters (<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">China</st1:country-region></st1:place> Daily)<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 6; text-align: justify;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br />Updated: 2010-07-09 09:35<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 6; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 6; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 6; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/life/2010-07/09/content_10086210.htm">http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/life/2010-07/09/content_10086210.htm</a><o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 6; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 6; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 6; text-align: justify;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><a href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/life/images/attachement/jpg/site1/20100709/0023ae9885da0da0c19911.jpg">http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/life/images/attachement/jpg/site1/20100709/0023ae9885da0da0c19911.jpg</a><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 6; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 6; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">World Map in Book 5 - Dr Hendon M Harris, Jr Collection, from The</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Asiatic Fathers of <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">America</st1:country-region></st1:place>.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">The treasure trove of seafaring knowledge amassed by the Chinese over the centuries is at the heart of a debate over the extent of their ancient voyages, Mike Peters reports<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">A bright-eyed, middle-aged woman from the state of <st1:state w:st="on">Virginia</st1:state>, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">United States</st1:country-region></st1:place>, sits waiting for her next interview in a Lido-area hotel lobby. She's a retired social worker, a no-nonsense lady who speaks quietly and deliberately. But she is in town to help answer the question: Did medieval Chinese navigators reach the <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Americas</st1:place></st1:country-region> years before Christopher Columbus? Just a few years ago, Charlotte Harris Rees started thinking that her late father might have held the key to one of history's great mysteries.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">"Few people expect ever to own documents that could change world history," Harris writes in her 2008 book, Secret Maps of the Ancient World, "and neither did we. Yet for decades, under my brother's bed, lay ancient Asian maps that we, our father's seven children, inherited from him. Some believe that they may contain a secret of the ancient world."<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">That possibility brought Rees to <st1:place w:st="on">Asia</st1:place> this month for two weeks of conferences and speeches. Her first stop focused on Zheng He (1371-1435), the 15th-century Chinese admiral who was dispatched by Emperor Zhu Di to "proceed all the way to the end of the Earth".<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">An international conference this week in <st1:city w:st="on">Malaka</st1:city>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Malaysia</st1:country-region> - a seafarer's crossroads for centuries that was an important base for Zheng He - explored questions about <st1:place w:st="on">Africa</st1:place>. Zheng certainly got there, but exactly where and the extent of his fleet's settlements and activities have engaged curious scholars for centuries.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">The question that excites Rees, however, is whether Zheng He - and perhaps his Chinese predecessors - sailed to <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">America</st1:country-region></st1:place> as well.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Academics have batted around that idea for centuries, but it wasn't until Gavin Menzies published his bestselling book, 1421: The Year <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">China</st1:country-region></st1:place> Discovered the World, eight years ago that the debate became an international firestorm. One of the sparks landed on Rees, who read 1421 with amazement and realized that the author was trying to connect the same dots her father had followed in his research.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">"When I was a social worker straight out of college, many of my clients in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on">Oklahoma</st1:state></st1:place> were American Indians who looked very Asian to me," she says today. "But the idea of Chinese coming to <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">America</st1:country-region></st1:place> 4,200 years ago in boats sounded pretty far-fetched then."<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">But her father, Hendon M Harris Jr, a child of Christian missionaries who worked in several regions of <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">China</st1:country-region></st1:place>, was fascinated by the possibility. He picked up references to ancient Chinese navigators from several sources, including the ancient classic Shan Hai Jing (Collection of the Mountains and Seas), said to have been written in 2,200 BC and quoted in Chinese history and literature ever since.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">The Shan Hai Jing tells of Chinese travel to the four corners of the earth, says Rees, "including a beautiful land to the east of <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">China</st1:country-region></st1:place> named Fu Sang."<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Then one day in 1972, Harris was browsing in an antique shop in Shouth Korea, looking for gifts to take home to his family in the United States. He was examining the wares on display when the shopkeeper said, "I have a map in the back. Would you like to see that?"<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">"Father wasn't really into collecting maps - not then! - but he said, 'Yes,'" the daughter says. And when the map was spread out, as he recounted to his children years later, "he had to sit down because he felt himself shaking all over".<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">What Harris saw was a world map block-printed in an ancient Shang (16th century to 11th century BC) Chinese style, with <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">China</st1:country-region></st1:place> at the center and a circular continent looping around the edges of the page. He immediately related this to the Fu Sang of the Shan Hai Jing. In subsequent years Harris found copies of similar maps in the collections of museums and universities.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">However, opinion is divided over the identity of Fu Sang, many believe it refers to somewhere in <st1:country-region w:st="on">America</st1:country-region>; while others claim it is more likely to be <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Japan</st1:country-region></st1:place>.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">A year later, Harris wrote The Asiatic Fathers of <st1:country-region w:st="on">America</st1:country-region>: Chinese Discovery and Colonization of Ancient <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">America</st1:country-region></st1:place>. It got some notice in academic circles, but it was never the pop-culture phenomenon of 1421, though its premise was much more controversial.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">For while Menzies' book credits the voyages of Zheng He and the admirals under him with the discovery of the world beyond China, Harris argues that Zheng He set sail with maps made from information acquired hundreds, even thousands of years earlier.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Charlotte Harris Rees finds that argument persuasive. Her speech in Malaka this week was titled Zheng He's Inheritance, and she told her audience that "starting a study of Chinese sea travel with Zheng He is like beginning a study of space travel with a trip to Mars".<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Chinese seafaring was refined over centuries, she believes. "Zheng He could not have been as successful as he was, without the treasure trove of knowledge and invention amassed by the Chinese over many years of sea travel."<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">An illustration from the July 2005 issue of National Geographic compares Zheng He's largest ships to European vessels of the same era. The article contends that the Chinese admiral's fleet contained up to 62 baochuan, or treasure ships, that measured 122 m by 52 m.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">"You could fit all of <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Columbus</st1:city></st1:place>' ships and all of Vasco da Gama's on a single deck of a ship that size," Rees says in awe. Rees talks about her father's research today with the passion of a religious convert. She talks of ancient Chinese shipwrecks off the <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">US</st1:place></st1:country-region> Pacific coast. Of maps Columbus and Magellan are said to have used on their voyages. Of DNA testing on Native Americans, with undisputed links to ancient Chinese.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">So is she convinced that Chinese adventurers, not Columbus, "discovered <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">America</st1:country-region></st1:place>"?<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">"I don't pretend to know the answers," she says, smiling. "But as we find more and more evidence, I think we have to keep trying to put it together until we do know."<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Q: Why are the ideas in your book so controversial?<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">A: It's not easy to rewrite history. I'm not a PhD, and if I were to pursue a PhD, I'd need university and academic mentors who supported the research. Most experts on the discovery of <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">America</st1:country-region></st1:place> have invested their lives and careers documenting a different view, a Eurocentric view.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">It wasn't always that way, though. I have seen copies of US history textbooks from around 1905, which say that the Chinese have been in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">America</st1:place></st1:country-region> for at least 1,000 years. So this isn't a new idea. But by around 1910 there were new academic pressures, and then came the Columbus Day national holiday. After that, school kids in the <st1:country-region w:st="on">US</st1:country-region> stopped hearing about Chinese coming to <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">America</st1:country-region></st1:place>.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Q: It seems that a lot of Chinese scholars are as reluctant to embrace the idea as <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">US</st1:country-region></st1:place> scholars are. Why?<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">A: There is immense interest here. But it can't be proved, especially with Chinese documents, because, soon after the voyages of Zheng He, there was a tremendous reaction against these outside adventures and the strain such shipbuilding put on the country's economy. Ships, maps, records were all destroyed and <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region> became an inward-looking society for centuries. That's why it's easier to find ancient maps that tell the story in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Korea</st1:country-region>, where they were not destroyed by government order, than it is in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">China</st1:country-region></st1:place>.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Q: The US Library of Congress recently exhibited a famous map made by Matteo Ricci, the Italian Jesuit, which the Library said was the first known map of the Americas with Chinese inscriptions. You challenged that publicly.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">A: It was a surprising thing for the Library of Congress to say. Many people doing research in this area have seen older maps of the <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Americas</st1:place></st1:country-region> with Chinese writing. One of them is in the Library of Congress' own collection, though they have yet to validate or disprove its age.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Q. Is this about ethnic bias?<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">A: Well, it's true that many Western scholars are invested in the history of the European discovery of <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">America</st1:country-region></st1:place>. But it may be a matter of money, too. In May 2003, the Library of Congress completed their purchase of the Waldseemuller Map of the world for $10 million. Five million came from Congress and the other $5 million from donors. According to their 2003 press release that map was the "first image of the outline of the continents of the world as we know them today - Martin Waldseemuller's monumental 1507 map". That indeed is a beautiful map. However, if the Library of Congress now, only seven years later, admits that any other map that shows the American continents predates the Waldseemuller, then perhaps Congress and the donors who helped purchase the Waldseemuller will complain their money was misspent.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Many scholars contend that since the Waldseemuller and other European maps showed the <st1:placename w:st="on">Pacific</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Coast</st1:placetype> of the <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Americas</st1:place></st1:country-region> before Europeans had been there, that they had to be copied from earlier maps.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Q: People who read your book, your father's book and Gavin Menzies' book can easily be overwhelmed by all of the evidence you cite. But critics contend most of it is circumstantial. Of everything you've seen and learned about, what has been the most convincing evidence for you?<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">A: DNA evidence, which is quite recent. We've known for a long time that the "Chinese blue spot", which appears on the buttocks of babies and then disappears, is also seen at birth in many Native American communities. Now we know that five distinct genetic markers match ancient Chinese with modern Native Americans. That's evidence that you can take to court and win.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>Global Warminghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11353487146513918826noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5057622078576171787.post-495578213641065082010-08-16T05:48:00.000-07:002011-01-02T23:30:21.240-08:00See Through Solar Panels<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1pDzo7MYFkWsWCDkF2GjciKS_AqIEXG3A8Fo1LrBZa3lbJmrXPmlnEdC-FlX-y2tJtzyr3VY4Hp8XLeW66kr-mLEfx6pLb5B5FK6u0GG5SlL5Ez11WygKs2NkyT8BpLtGBrR_QPDD9MJl/s1600/see-through-300x187.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1pDzo7MYFkWsWCDkF2GjciKS_AqIEXG3A8Fo1LrBZa3lbJmrXPmlnEdC-FlX-y2tJtzyr3VY4Hp8XLeW66kr-mLEfx6pLb5B5FK6u0GG5SlL5Ez11WygKs2NkyT8BpLtGBrR_QPDD9MJl/s320/see-through-300x187.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">This is interesting though I would like to see more detail. The use of organics asks more questions than it answers. That it can out perform thin film by an order of magnitude implies converting over a much broader spectrum. So far so good. Can it be sustained?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">This is a new entrant and the claims are at least promising. Even if the production is nort particularly impressive, it will still have a market merely to make use of a passive resource. Recall windows must be specially made to begin with, and it will be no trick at all folding this into the supply chain.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Of course, if they can establish sustainable high yield at a low effective cost base, every office building will soon convert and so will everyone else. Recall how we all use double pane windows these days.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">World's First-of-Its-Kind See-Thru Glass SolarWindow Capable Of Generating Electricity<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">by Staff Writers<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br />Burtonsville MD (SPX) Jul 27, 2010<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.solardaily.com/reports/World_First_of_Its_Kind_See_Thru_Glass_SolarWindow_Capable_Of_Generating_Electricity_999.html">http://www.solardaily.com/reports/World_First_of_Its_Kind_See_Thru_Glass_SolarWindow_Capable_Of_Generating_Electricity_999.html</a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Researchers Apply Coating to Commercial Glass, Demonstrating Transparency of New Energy's SolarWindow Capable of Generating Electricity, Currently Under Development. Source: New Energy Technologies, Inc.</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><a href="http://www.spacedaily.com/images-lg/new-energy-technologies-solarwindow-pv-lg.jpg">http://www.spacedaily.com/images-lg/new-energy-technologies-solarwindow-pv-lg.jpg</a><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br />New Energy Technologies is pleased to announce that researchers developing its proprietary SolarWindow technology have achieved major scientific and technical breakthroughs, allowing the Company to unveil a working prototype of the world's first-ever glass window capable of generating electricity in the upcoming weeks.</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Until now, <a href="http://www.solardaily.com/reports/World_First_of_Its_Kind_See_Thru_Glass_SolarWindow_Capable_Of_Generating_Electricity_999.html##" target="undefined">solar panels</a> have remained opaque, with the prospect of creating a see-thru glass window capable of generating electricity limited by the use of metals and various expensive processes which block visibility and prevent light from passing through glass surfaces.</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">New Energy's ability to generate electricity on see-thru glass is made possible by making use of the world's smallest working organic <a href="http://www.solardaily.com/reports/World_First_of_Its_Kind_See_Thru_Glass_SolarWindow_Capable_Of_Generating_Electricity_999.html##" target="undefined">solar cells</a>, developed by Dr. Xiaomei Jiang at the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename w:st="on">South Florida</st1:placename></st1:place>. Unlike conventional <a href="http://www.solardaily.com/reports/World_First_of_Its_Kind_See_Thru_Glass_SolarWindow_Capable_Of_Generating_Electricity_999.html##" target="undefined">solar systems</a>, New Energy's solar cells generate electricity from both natural and artificial light sources, outperforming today's commercial solar and thin-film technologies by as much as 10-fold.<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></u></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><a href="http://www.solardaily.com/reports/World_First_of_Its_Kind_See_Thru_Glass_SolarWindow_Capable_Of_Generating_Electricity_999.html##" target="undefined">New Energy's</a> SolarWindow technology is under development for potential application in the estimated 5 million commercial buildings in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">America</st1:country-region></st1:place> (Energy Information Administration) and more than 80 million single detached homes.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">"We're always keen to see innovations in our laboratories turn into meaningful commercial products," stated Valerie McDevitt, Assistant Vice President for Research, Division of Patents and Licensing, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">University of South</st1:city> <st1:state w:st="on">Florida</st1:state></st1:place>. "We very much look forward to the commercial development of New Energy's SolarWindow technology, which, if successful, could literally transform the way in which we view the use of <a href="http://www.solardaily.com/reports/World_First_of_Its_Kind_See_Thru_Glass_SolarWindow_Capable_Of_Generating_Electricity_999.html##" target="undefined">solar energy</a> for our homes, offices, and commercial buildings."<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">The <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename w:st="on">South Florida Research Foundation</st1:placename></st1:place> has licensed Dr. Xiaomei Jiang's groundbreaking discovery and important commercial processes and applications to New Energy Solar Corporation, a wholly-owned subsidiary of New Energy Technologies, Inc.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">"It's very exciting to see that our ongoing research has led to several significant breakthroughs with transparency and the production of electricity on see-thru glass," explained Mr. Meetesh V. Patel, President and CEO of New Energy Technologies, Inc. "For the first time ever, these advances have allowed us to develop an early-scale working prototype of the technology, which I very much look forward to unveiling in the upcoming weeks."<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>Global Warminghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11353487146513918826noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5057622078576171787.post-81389063743671956222010-08-16T05:29:00.000-07:002011-01-02T23:30:21.244-08:00Ozone Improves Biofuel Production Efficiency<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWAUUgHEiNtpIJFtar4PYk4ggkwH-EPcYKJRhIv4zptQVNnAEbbE1Hfs4PyMmOmjaZzA8hYD2jXRcNyXrWQBit4GNQ9HFJW96tPmwPUb2ETXuPzj0sAjs3GGWx3CbExyQPRRn0tTNRXex_/s1600/30949-Clipart-Illustration-Of-A-Yellow-Gas-Nozzle-Emerging-From-A-Yellow-Corn-Biofuel-Pump.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWAUUgHEiNtpIJFtar4PYk4ggkwH-EPcYKJRhIv4zptQVNnAEbbE1Hfs4PyMmOmjaZzA8hYD2jXRcNyXrWQBit4GNQ9HFJW96tPmwPUb2ETXuPzj0sAjs3GGWx3CbExyQPRRn0tTNRXex_/s320/30949-Clipart-Illustration-Of-A-Yellow-Gas-Nozzle-Emerging-From-A-Yellow-Corn-Biofuel-Pump.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">It is of some interest that direct application of ozone degrades the lignin allowing the carbohydrates to be attacked and converted to sugars. It will not be easy, but it opens another avenue.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Ozone is a bit tricky to produce and expensive and may well limit this method to the laboratory.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">However, a process protocol that starts and ends dry is a rather good beginning and leaves a lot of options open for further treatment and no immediate waste stream.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">A friend of mine has been testing ozone on ores to some effect, so this is not too surprising.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">New Technique Improves Efficiency Of Biofuel Production<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">by Staff Writers<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Raleigh</st1:city> <st1:state w:st="on">NC</st1:state></st1:place> (SPX) Jul 06, 2010<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://www.biofueldaily.com/reports/New_Technique_Improves_Efficiency_Of_Biofuel_Production_999.html">http://www.biofueldaily.com/reports/New_Technique_Improves_Efficiency_Of_Biofuel_Production_999.html</a></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br />Researchers at <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">North Carolina</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">State</st1:placetype> <st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype></st1:place> have developed a more efficient technique for producing biofuels from woody plants that significantly reduces the waste that results from conventional biofuel production techniques. The technique is a significant step toward creating a commercially viable new source of biofuels.</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">"This technique makes the process more efficient and less expensive," says Dr. Ratna Sharma-Shivappa, associate professor of biological and agricultural engineering at NC State and co-author of the research. "The technique could open the door to making lignin-rich plant matter a commercially viable feedstock for biofuels, curtailing biofuel's reliance on staple food crops."</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Traditionally, to make ethanol, butanol or other biofuels, producers have used corn, beets or other plant matter that is high in starches or simple sugars. However, since those crops are also significant staple foods, biofuels are competing with people for those crops.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">However, other forms of biomass - such as switchgrass or inedible corn stalks - can also be used to make biofuels. But these other crops pose their own problem: their energy potential is locked away inside the plant's lignin - the woody, protective material that provides each plant's structural support.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Breaking down that lignin to reach the plant's component carbohydrates is an essential first step toward making biofuels.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">At present, researchers exploring how to create biofuels from this so-called "woody" material treat the plant matter with harsh chemicals that break it down into a carbohydrate-rich substance and a liquid waste stream. These carbohydrates are then exposed to enzymes that turn the carbohydrates into sugars that can be fermented to make ethanol or butanol.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">This technique often results in a significant portion of the plant's carbohydrates being siphoned off with the liquid waste stream. Researchers must either incorporate additional processes to retrieve those carbohydrates, or lose them altogether.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">But now researchers from NC State have developed a new way to free the carbohydrates from the lignin. By exposing the plant matter to gaseous ozone, with very little moisture, they are able to produce a carbohydrate-rich solid with no solid or liquid waste.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">"This is more efficient because it degrades the lignin very effectively and there is little or no loss of the plant's carbohydrates," Sharma-Shivappa says. "The solid can then go directly to the enzymes to produce the sugars necessary for biofuel production."<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Sharma notes that the process itself is more expensive than using a bath of harsh chemicals to free the carbohydrates, but is ultimately more cost-effective because it makes more efficient use of the plant matter.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">The researchers have recently received a grant from the Center for Bioenergy Research and Development to fine-tune the process for use with switchgrass and miscanthus grass. "Our eventual goal is to use this technique for any type of feedstock, to produce any biofuel or biochemical that can use these sugars," Sharma-Shivappa says.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">The research, "Effect of ozonolysis on bioconversion of miscanthus to bioethanol," was co-authored by Sharma-Shivappa, NC State Ph.D. student Anushadevi Panneerselvam, Dr. Praveen Kolar, an assistant professor of biological and agricultural engineering at NC State, Dr. Thomas Ranney, a professor of horticultural science at NC State, and Dr. Steve Peretti, an associate professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering at NC State.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">The research is partially funded by the Biofuels Center of North Carolina and was presented June 23 at the 2010 Annual International Meeting of the American Society for Agricultural and Biological Engineers in Pittsburgh, PA.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">NC State's Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering is a joint department of the university's <st1:placetype w:st="on">College</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename w:st="on">Engineering</st1:placename> and <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">College</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename w:st="on">Agriculture</st1:placename></st1:place> and Life Sciences.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>Global Warminghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11353487146513918826noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5057622078576171787.post-40625550521847317212010-08-14T11:14:00.000-07:002011-01-02T23:30:21.248-08:00Air Strike on Iran Nuclear Assets Possible Now<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfv6SwNFzr5h3uwzaq3GIW6mAMFN343SFvEUO5SnZhAUromvPwIrxK7AbJwMhAwJmZOoL_OZMdZspII4EOB2kagYdWZdDr5_zH_lhQkJcVudQidEIkpnbxMN7Qon6d4NJpyDpbNSbTx58m/s1600/iran-nuclear-facilities.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfv6SwNFzr5h3uwzaq3GIW6mAMFN343SFvEUO5SnZhAUromvPwIrxK7AbJwMhAwJmZOoL_OZMdZspII4EOB2kagYdWZdDr5_zH_lhQkJcVudQidEIkpnbxMN7Qon6d4NJpyDpbNSbTx58m/s320/iran-nuclear-facilities.jpg" /></a></div><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">When I posted two or three weeks ago that an American supported Israeli air strike was possibly eminent because the necessary assets had moved in place, I still lacked the reason as to why just now. This tells us why it will happen now. Assume </span><st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Russia</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> will arrange to be standing by for this one and to also be in the know. They may be selling a reactor, but they want a nuclear weapon in these fool’s hands no more than we do. Think of the rich targets for Islam in </span><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Russia</span></st1:country-region></st1:place><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">A surgical strike is likely to happen this week. The purpose will be to smash up the reactor itself. The only interesting question is how the Iranian air force will be neutralized while the attack goes in, particularly if they wish to have a back up wave. I assume the </span><st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">US</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> will not be visible.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Iran</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">’s reaction will be of serious interest. The most damaging thing that they could do in the short term is to suspend oil shipments to the extent that they can. This could precipitate a jump in oil prices to the $150 mark and generate a sharp decline in stock prices. That though should be the most effect their actions may have.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">In the medium term, regime control of the population will likely spiral out of control because the population will immediately blame the regime for bringing this attack on to themselves. Discontent is also likely to become visible in the armed forces because of the regime’s reckless behavior and proven futility. In short, the regime will be destabilized. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Beyond what we have just described, they have no creditable response. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">I note from this map that the reactor is on the Persian Gulf itself. Any attack seems way more difficult and may target the secondary assets instead. In the event, we have reached a decision point.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">John Bolton: <st1:country-region w:st="on">Russia</st1:country-region>'s Loading of Nuke Fuel Into <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Iran</st1:country-region></st1:place> Plant Means Aug. 21 Deadline for Israeli Attack<o:p></o:p></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://www.newsmax.com/Headline/John--Bolton--Iran--Nuclear--israel/2010/08/13/id/367449">http://www.newsmax.com/Headline/John--Bolton--Iran--Nuclear--israel/2010/08/13/id/367449</a><o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Friday, 13 Aug 2010 01:41 PM<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">By: David A. Patten</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">News that Russia will load nuclear fuel rods into an Iranian reactor has touched off a countdown to a point of no return, a deadline by which Israel would have to launch an attack on Iran's Bushehr reactor before it becomes effectively "immune" to any assault, says former Bush administration U.N. Ambassador John R. Bolton. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br />Once the fuel rods are loaded, Bolton told Fox News on Friday afternoon, "it makes it essentially immune from attack by <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Israel</st1:place></st1:country-region>. Because once the rods are in the reactor an attack on the reactor risks spreading radiation in the air, and perhaps into the water of the Persian Gulf." <o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br />Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin declared in March that <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Russia</st1:place></st1:country-region> would start the Bushehr reactor this summer. But the announcement from a spokesman for <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Russia</st1:country-region></st1:place>'s state atomic agency to Reuters Friday sent international diplomats scrambling to head off a crisis. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br />The story immediately became front-page news in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Israel</st1:country-region>, which has laid precise plans to carry out an attack on <st1:country-region w:st="on">Iran</st1:country-region>'s nuclear facilities while going along with President Obama's plans to use international sanctions and diplomatic persuasion to convince <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Iran</st1:place></st1:country-region>'s clerics not to go nuclear. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /><st1:place w:st="on">Bolton</st1:place> made it clear that it is widely assumed that any Israeli attack on the Bushehr reactor must take place before the reactor is loaded with fuel rods.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br />"If they're going to do it that's the window that they have," <st1:place w:st="on">Bolton</st1:place> declared. "Otherwise as I said before, once the rods are in the reactor, if you attack the reactor you're going to open it up and radiation will escape at least into the atmosphere and possibly into the waters of the <st1:place w:st="on">Persian Gulf</st1:place>.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /><br />"So most people think that neither <st1:country-region w:st="on">Israel</st1:country-region> nor the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">United States</st1:country-region></st1:place>, come to that, would attack the reactor after it's been fueled."<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br />Bolton cited the 1981 Israeli attack on Saddam Hussein's Osirak reactor outside <st1:city w:st="on">Baghdad</st1:city> and the September 2007 Israeli attack on a North Korean reactor being built in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Syria</st1:place></st1:country-region>. Both of those strikes came before fuel rods were loaded into those reactors.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br />"So if it's going to happen in Bushehr it has to happen before the fuel rods go in," <st1:place w:st="on">Bolton</st1:place> said. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br />The conversation that touched off the de facto deadline for Israeli military action was a telephone conversation with wire services involving Sergei Novikov, a spokesman for Rosatom, the Russian Energy State Nuclear Corp. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br />Novikov said: "The fuel will be loaded on Aug 21. This is the start of the physical launch” of the reactor.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br />"From that moment the Bushehr plant will be officially considered a nuclear-energy installation," Novikov said, adding that the head of Rosatom, Sergei Kiriyenko, will visit Bushehr Aug. 21 to conduct a ceremony for the event.<br />According to <st1:place w:st="on">Bolton</st1:place>, once the reactor is operational, it is only a matter of time before it begins producing plutonium that could be used in a nuclear weapon.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br />"And in the normal operation of this reactor, in just a fairly short period of time, you could get substantial amounts of plutonium to use as nuclear weapons," <st1:place w:st="on">Bolton</st1:place> told Fox. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /><st1:country-region w:st="on">Russia</st1:country-region>, which is operating under a $1 billion contract with <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Iran</st1:place></st1:country-region>, has spent more than a decade building the reactor. If <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Russia</st1:country-region></st1:place> moves forward with its plan to fuel the reactor, it could be seen as a major setback to the Obama administration's strategy of engaging Russian leaders in order to win their cooperation.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br />"The <st1:country-region w:st="on">U.S.</st1:country-region> urged them not to send the Iranian's fuel rods," <st1:place w:st="on">Bolton</st1:place> said. "They did that. The Obama administration has urged them not to insert the fuel rods in the reactors, but as they've just announced that will begin next week. What that does over time is help <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Iran</st1:country-region></st1:place> get another route to nuclear weapons through the plutonium they could reprocess out of the spent fuel rods."<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br />The developments mean Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu soon may face a stark choice: Attack the Bushehr reactor in the next 8 days, or allow it to become operational despite the certainty it would greatly enhance <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Iran</st1:country-region></st1:place>'s ability to create nuclear weapons. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br />Russian leaders have said the Bushehr reactor project is being closely monitored by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the UN's nuclear watchdog group. According to <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Iran</st1:country-region></st1:place>'s ISNA news agency, IAEA inspectors will be on hand to observe the fuel-rod loading process that is now scheduled to begin Aug. 21. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br />According to Russian officials, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Iran</st1:country-region> has promised in writing to send all spent fuel rods from Bushehr back to <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Russia</st1:place></st1:country-region> for reprocessing, to ensure they cannot be used for nuclear weapons.<br /><br /><br /><st1:place w:st="on">Bolton</st1:place> said the reactor has been "a hole" in American foreign policy for over a decade.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br />The failure to demand it be shut down began in the Bush years, he said, and continues with the Obama administration "under what I believe is the mistaken theory that <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Iran</st1:country-region></st1:place> is entitled to the peaceful use of nuclear energy."<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br />"I don't think <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Iran</st1:place></st1:country-region> is entitled to that, or I don't think we ought to allow it to happen, because they're manifestly violating any number of obligations under the non-proliferation treaty not to seek nuclear weapons. But this has been a hole in American policy for some number of years, and <st1:country-region w:st="on">Iran</st1:country-region> and <st1:country-region w:st="on">Russia</st1:country-region> are obviously exploiting it," <st1:place w:st="on">Bolton</st1:place> said.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /><st1:country-region w:st="on">Russia</st1:country-region>’s move would put <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Iran</st1:country-region></st1:place> "in a much better position overall," he said, adding, "I think this is a very delicate point, as I say, it closes off to the Israelis one possible target for pre-emptive military action.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br />U.N. sanctions against <st1:country-region w:st="on">Iran</st1:country-region>, he said, "have not had and will not have any material effect on <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Iran</st1:place></st1:country-region>'s push to have deliverable nuclear weapons."<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>Global Warminghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11353487146513918826noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5057622078576171787.post-49810569409356432912010-08-14T11:01:00.000-07:002011-01-02T23:30:21.253-08:00Unregulated Greed has Destroyed the Capitalist System<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSGCQt4Jxnsmt1Ng1rKFZeq0STXm3ZQYEpmEglVTeeYMbWrdP6OT991-4GnFGMd6LiwtfhLaPjrGScycG7o6E8xOKF1qOpYndlrzpRdk6ttfUUUhfdt5EV8cVM3hRj5OnDAcRdPdwhyDmc/s1600/in_greed_we_trust.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSGCQt4Jxnsmt1Ng1rKFZeq0STXm3ZQYEpmEglVTeeYMbWrdP6OT991-4GnFGMd6LiwtfhLaPjrGScycG7o6E8xOKF1qOpYndlrzpRdk6ttfUUUhfdt5EV8cVM3hRj5OnDAcRdPdwhyDmc/s320/in_greed_we_trust.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">There is much to agree with and plenty to argue against with here but the view point needs to be read.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">1</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">The break up of AT&T was not a mistake. I will take it further, at some point. All super large organizations need to be subdivided on some rational basis. ATT&T actually did an excellent job in that regard. Others may well make a hash out of it.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">My reasoning is simple. Cheaper access to more money through size is usually a serious error because it ultimately lowers the real return that management may achieve. There are exceptions, yet Warren Buffet has found his point of resistance. It is vastly more profitable to nurture many small companies that are then spun out, as actually happened under ATT&T.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Besides, the digital age was happening and the wall of monopoly barriers needed to be pulled down as fast as possible. This way it took less than a decade and prevented billions of dollars been diverted to monopoly profits and paychecks.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">2 Off shoring is a problem hugely driven by the failure of the </span><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">US</span></st1:country-region></st1:place><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> to reform its tax code. By not imposing a VAT tax, the </span><st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">USA</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> gives every other country an economic advantage. That encourages the transfer of manufacturing offshore. Solve that and much of the problem will fade as a far leveler playing field will exist.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Right now a company has an equal opportunity to place a factory in the </span><st1:country-region w:st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">US</span></st1:country-region><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> or </span><st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">India</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">. Cheap labor is one of a very short list of deciding factors but tax on sales is an immediate claim on cash flow. It you are in the </span><st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">USA</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> you pay it on all exports now, often before you get paid. It you are in the rest of the world, you pay it also, but you offset it with tax you pay on costs. This is a huge and immediate advantage that can not be dodged.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 0in; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Since most investments are initially deemed as risky, the corporation that plans to export will find it more prudent to build were this drag does not exist.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 0in; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Otherwise, stop counting their jobs and observe that our incomes have not risen appreciably since 1980, yet our purchasing power from the same dollar bill has leapt ahead, not in specifics but in the expansion of cheaper choices.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 0in; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">3 Yes, greed must be regulated. Except the pigs have the coin to buy off the politicians who are ill educated economically and are all suckers to begin with. Tell me how to change that now.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">"Unregulated Greed has Destroyed the Capitalist System": The Big Things That Matter And The Little Things That Annoy<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">By </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #366388; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Paul Craig Roberts</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">URL of this article: <a href="http://r20.rs6.net/tn.jsp?et=1103613718429&s=22810&e=001U2-HtXr9bxWx-RTyyWclOip2G6dZEnJWR-ajDwqVl8UMOEINDL2QLII6DDBszAH78ElHSA7Xa33lVUngTrA4PuIPa6ck7hwmkYHHKXQ6N_XD6y3285dlQQ-dBoF2RwXvnfWRffKBvHCtWigv6tnye2vm-0jG-Lfc6pZ8sFrxi20=" target="_blank"><span style="color: #366388;">www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=20587</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">I write about major problems: the collapsing US economy, wars based on lies and deception, the police state based on “the war on terror” and other fabrications such as those orchestrated by corrupt police and prosecutors, who boost their performance reports by convicting the innocent, and so on. <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">America</st1:place></st1:country-region> is a very distressing place. The fact that so many Americans are taken in by the lies told by “their” government makes <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">America</st1:country-region></st1:place> all the more depressing.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Often, however, it is small annoyances that waste Americans’ time and drive up blood pressures. One of the worst things that ever happened to Americans was the breakup of the </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #366388; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">AT&T</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> telephone monopoly. As </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #366388; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Assistant Secretary</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> of the US Treasury in 1981, if 150 percent of my time and energy had not been required to cure stagflation in the face of opposition from </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #366388; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Wall Street</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> and Fed Chairman Paul Volcker, I might have been able to prevent the destruction of the best communications service in the world, and one that was very inexpensive to customers. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /><br />The assistant attorney general in charge of the “anti-trust case” against AT&T called me to ask if Treasury had an interest in how the case was resolved. I went to Treasury Secretary Don Regan and told him that although my conservative and libertarian friends thought that the breakup of At&T was a great idea, their opinion was based entirely in ideology and that the practical effect would not be good for widows and orphans who had a blue chip stock to see them through life or for communications customers as deregulated communications would give the multiple communications corporations different interests than those of the customers. Under the regulated regime, AT&T was allowed a reasonable rate of return on its investment, and to stay out of trouble with regulators AT&T provided excellent and inexpensive service.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /><br />Secretary Regan reminded me of my memo to him detailing that Treasury was going to have a hard time getting President Reagan’s economic program, directed at curing the stagflation that had wrecked </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #366388; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">President Carter</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">’s presidency, out of the Reagan administration. The budget director, David Stockman, and his chief economist, </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #366388; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Larry Kudlow</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">, had lined up against it following the wishes of Wall Street, and the </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #366388; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">White House Chief of Staff</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #366388; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">James Baker</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> and his deputy </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #366388; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Richard Darman</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> were representatives of VP </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #366388; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">George H.W. Bush</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> and did not want s substantial Reagan success that would again threaten the Republican Establishment’s hold over the party. Baker and Darman wanted to be sure that </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #366388; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">George H. W. Bush</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">, and not Jack Kemp, succeeded </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #366388; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Ronald Reagan</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">, and that required a muted Reagan success that they could claim as theirs for moderating an “extremist” program. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">]I told Secretary Regan that if I had another </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #366388; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">deputy assistant secretary</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">, I could reach a reasonable conclusion whether the breakup of AT&T was sensible. He replied that he was sure that was the case, but that once I had three deputies the headlines in the <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Washington</st1:place></st1:state> Post and New York Times, Business Week, </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #366388; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Newsweek</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">, and so on, would be: “Supply-sider builds empire at Treasury.” He said it would sink me and that without me he could not get the President’s economic program out of the President’s administration. “Which do you want to do,” he asked, “save AT&T or cure stagflation?”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /><br />Curing stagflation gave <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">America</st1:place></st1:country-region> twenty more years. Ironically, the good times started to erode when Reagan’s other goal was accomplished and the </span></i><st1:place w:st="on"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #366388; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Soviet Union</span></i></st1:place><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> dissolved in 1990. “The end of history” resulted in </span></i><st1:country-region w:st="on"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #366388; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">India</span></i></st1:country-region><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> and </span></i><st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #366388; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">China</span></i></st1:place></st1:country-region><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> opening their labor markets to American capitalists, who began producing offshore with foreign labor the products that they sold to Americans. The labor costs savings pushed up corporate profits, shareholders’ returns, and managerial bonuses. But it deprived Americans of middle class incomes and wrecked the balance of trade. The <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">US</st1:country-region></st1:place> income distribution and the trade deficit worsened.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /><br />Many progressives blame the worsening income distribution on the Reagan tax rate reductions, but the real cause is the offshoring of manufacturing, industrial, and professional service jobs, such as software engineering.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /><br />None of us in the Reagan administration foresaw jobs offshoring as the consequence of Soviet collapse. We had no idea that by bringing down the Soviet Union we would be bringing down <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">America</st1:place></st1:country-region>. During the Reagan years <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region> was socialist and would not allow foreign corporations, had they been interested, to touch their labor force. <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">China</st1:country-region></st1:place> was communist and no foreign capital could enter the country.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /><br />However, once the <st1:place w:st="on">Soviet Union</st1:place> was gone from the earth, the remaining socialist and communist regimes decided to go with the winners. They opened to Western corporations and sucked jobs out of the developed West.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">But this is a different story. To get back to deregulation, nothing has worked for the consumer since deregulation. Deregulation permitted corporations to impose their costs of operation on customers without having to send them a bill. For example, corporations use voice recognition technology to keep customers from salaried </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #366388; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">customer representatives</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">. I remember when a customer with a problem could call a utility company or bank and have the problem immediately corrected.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /><br />No more. There was an error in my phone bill today, which I had corrected without result on two previous occasions. As everyone knows by now, it takes 10-15 minutes, usually, to get a live person who can actually fix the problem. After listening to sales pitches for 12 minutes, I got a live person. Once the problem was understood, it was pronounced to be an upper level problem out of his hands. I waited another 10 minutes while he tried to reach a superior who had the code to fix the problem that the phone company had produced in my account. The entire time I listened to product advertisements. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">How many times has this happened to you?<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /><br />Whoever invented these artificial voice capabilities is the enemy of mankind. Whomever a customer calls--utilities, </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #366388; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">credit card companies</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">, banks, whatever, the customer gets a voice machine. Some voice machines never tell the customer how to get a live person who can, on occasion, actually fix the problem.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /><br />In my opinion, the strategy behind the endless delays is to cause the customers to give up, slam the telephone down and play the higher incorrect bill as it is cheaper in time and frustration to correcting the problem and being billed in the correct amount. These ripoffs of the customer are produced by Wall Street pressures for higher earnings. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /><br />The frustrations, of course, multiply when one reaches an offshored service somewhere in the </span></i><st1:place w:st="on"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #366388; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Third World</span></i></st1:place><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">. The incentive is to hang up and to pay the excessive bill so that phone, internet, or </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #366388; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">credit card services</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> are not cut off<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /><br />Had Don Regan and I known that the high speed Internet was in our future and that American corporations would use it to destroy the jobs traditionally filled by US university graduates, possibly we would have decided to save the regulated telephone monopoly and to deliver the economy over to stagflation.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">The reason is that sooner or later something would have been done about stagflation, but nothing whatsoever has been done about offshoring. Saving the economy from offshoring would have been a greater achievement than saving the economy from stagflation. However, in my time stagflation, not offshoring, was the problem.<br /><br />I regret that I did not have a crystal ball.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /><br />Deregulation proponents will say that the breakup of AT&T gave us cell phones and broadband, as if foreign regulated </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #366388; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">communication companies</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">and state monopolies do not provide cell phone service or </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #366388; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">high speed Internet connections</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">. I can remember attending corporate board meetings years ago at which the European members had digital cell phones with which they could call most anywhere on earth, while we Americans with our analogue cell phones could hardly connect down the street.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /><br />What deregulation did was to permit Wall Street to push the deregulated industries-- phone service, airlines, trucking, and later Wall Street itself-- to focus on profits and not on service. Profits were increased by curtailing service, by pushing up prices and by Wall Street creating fraudulent financial instruments, which the banksters used <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">America</st1:country-region></st1:place>’s reputation to market to the gullible at home and abroad. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Consider air travel. Admit it, if you are my age you hate it. The deterioration in service over my lifetime is phenomenal. Studies in favor of </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #366388; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">airline deregulation</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> focused on short flights between A and B and concluded that small airlines serving high density areas were more efficient because they were not regulated. What was left out of the analysis is that regulated airlines served low density areas and permitted free stopovers. For example, if one was flying from the <st1:country-region w:st="on">US</st1:country-region> to </span></i><st1:city w:st="on"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #366388; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Athens</span></i></st1:city><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #366388; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Greece</st1:country-region></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">, the traveler could stopover in <st1:city w:st="on">London</st1:city>, <st1:city w:st="on">Paris</st1:city>, and <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Rome</st1:place></st1:city> without additional charges. Moreover, passengers were fed hot meals even in tourist class. In those halcyon days, it was even possible to travel more comfortably in tourist class than in first class, because flights were not scheduled in keeping with full capacity. Several rows of seats might be unoccupied. It was possible to push up the arm rests on three or four center aisle seats, lay down and go to sleep.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /><br />Perhaps the best benefit of regulated air travel for passengers was that airlines had spare airliners. If one airplane had mechanical problems that could not be fixed within a reasonable time, a standby airliner was rolled out to enable passengers to meet their connections and designations. With deregulation, customer service is not important. The bottom line has eliminated spare airliners.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">With deregulated airlines, Wall Street calls the tune. If your flight has a mechanical problem, you are stuck where you are unless you have some sort of privileged status that can bump passengers from later fully booked flights. “Studies” that focus only on discounted ticket price omit major costs of deregulation and thereby wrongly conclude that deregulation has benefited the consumer.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /><br />When trucking was regulated, truckers would stop to provide roadside assistant to stranded travelers. Today, with deregulated trucking, every minute counts toward the bottom line. Not only do truckers no longer stop to aid stranded travelers, they travel at excessive speeds that endanger automobile drivers. Trucks have expanded in size, weight and speed. Trucks raise the stress level on interstate highway drivers and destroy, at taxpayers expense, the roads on which they travel.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /><br />Conservatives and especially libertarians romanticize “free market unregulated capitalism.” They regard it as the best of all economic orders. However, with deregulated capitalism, every decision is a bottom-line decision that screws everyone except the shareholders and management. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /><br /></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #366388; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">In <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">America</st1:place></st1:country-region></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> today there is no longer a connection between profits and the welfare of the people. Unregulated greed has destroyed the capitalist system, which now distributes excessive rewards to the few at the expense of the many.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /><br />If Marx and Lenin were alive today, the extraordinary greed with which Wall Street has infected capitalism would provide Marx and Lenin with a better case than they had in the 19th and early 20th centuries.</span><o:p></o:p></i></div>Global Warminghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11353487146513918826noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5057622078576171787.post-83447074635623812112010-08-13T05:35:00.000-07:002011-01-02T23:30:21.259-08:00Focus Fusion Update<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGQDcVomJaf5Q717aiNv2jCfNTK3mKH2tN0uDQUolgHBkNP-3Y8LHaz6GrVOaYOfmWlFLGz5O-yI-ppJQflUlNH43cBvtM2s4rQJXnOtrS1w3MZaXu9_7Tqo4tyazz9YchUxSfWcV7nObW/s1600/dpf1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGQDcVomJaf5Q717aiNv2jCfNTK3mKH2tN0uDQUolgHBkNP-3Y8LHaz6GrVOaYOfmWlFLGz5O-yI-ppJQflUlNH43cBvtM2s4rQJXnOtrS1w3MZaXu9_7Tqo4tyazz9YchUxSfWcV7nObW/s320/dpf1.jpg" /></a></div><br /><br /><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">depend on secondary devices working in the protocol environment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>See my many postings on the topic focus fusion.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Let us be serious.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We are witnessing a real creditable effort to produce fusion power that is arguably plausible.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><a href="http://nextbigfuture.com/2010/08/lawrenceville-plasma-physics-dense.html"><span style="color: black;">Lawrenceville Plasma Physics Dense Plasma Fusion Project Updates</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><a href="http://www.google.com/buzz/post" title="Post on Google Buzz"></a></span></i><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; text-transform: uppercase;">AUGUST 09, 2010</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><a href="http://nextbigfuture.com/2010/06/lawrenceville-plasma-physics-high-yield.html" target="blank"><span style="color: black;">Lawrenceville Plasma Physics (LPP) is trying to achieve commercial nuclear fusion.</span></a><br /></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br />LPP is trying to get up to 100,000 joules in each pulse. 60 such pulses would be 6 million joules per second, which if converted at with only about 20% loss would be equal to a 5 megawatt generator. The generator would cost about $200,000 and enable power to be generated 50 times cheaper than today.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /><br /><a href="http://focusfusion.org/index.php/site/article/july_switch_update/" target="blank"><span style="color: #5588aa;">Lawrenceville Plasma Physics (LPP) completed testing the new spark plugs that they had designed.</span></a><br /><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><i><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">The first good news is that, with the Lexan insulators and tungsten pins, the spark plugs have lasted through over 200 shots without breaking<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /><br />2. the amount of current we are producing per firing capacitor has improved. We have achieved 1 MA at 27 kV with only 8 capacitors firing, something that required all 12 capacitors with the old spark plugs. We believe that the large size of the tungsten pins and the better distribution of current has reduced the inductance of the switches and led to the increase in current, which makes us more confident that we can reach the design current for FF-1 of 2.8 MA.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /><br />3. Despite careful adjustment of the spark gaps, the simultaneity of firing with the new spark plugs is worse than with the old ones, and on average, only five switches are firing on the trigger. We believe we know the cause and cure of this problem. We have ordered this new power supply, which will increase the charging voltage on the trigger from 20 to 40 kV and will arrive near the end of August. We think that by doubling the rate of rise of the trigger pulse, we will be able to get the trigger voltage up to at least 20 kV before it shorts. That, together with the capacitor voltage of 30 kV, should get us to the 50 kV needed to fire all of the switches together. Another <a href="http://focusfusion.org/index.php/site/article/new_large_dpf_in_las_vegas_unveiled/" target="blank"><span style="color: #5588aa;">Dense Plasma Fusion project</span></a> in <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Las Vegas</st1:place></st1:city> is working reliably with higher voltages. The best switches cost a lot and are complicated to maintain. On the other hand, spark gap switches (our kind) with much higher trigger voltages—120 kV vs our current 20 kV—have been made to function reliably recently<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">.<br /><br /><a href="" name="more"></a><br /><a href="http://focusfusion.org/index.php/site/article/x-ray_pmts_reveal/" target="blank"><span style="color: #5588aa;">The LPP team is also reporting on readings from three x-ray photo-multiplier tubes.</span></a><br /><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">From these numbers, we can calculate the product n^2V (where n is density and V is volume) for both the electrons and the ions. Both numbers are the same, 1.1+-0.1x10^35/cm^3. This is a strong indication that the X-rays and neutrons come from the same plasma, the plasmoid. It is also a good indication of how our instruments are designed to supplement and confirm each other, so that every measurement we take will be checked by at least two instruments<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div>Global Warminghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11353487146513918826noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5057622078576171787.post-3751042370389171112010-08-13T05:32:00.000-07:002011-01-02T23:30:21.262-08:00Biochar for Carbon Sequestration Study<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwAWz3x4AOLn12s50mKuLMSxsLqke36C0KNmOA-lnvvab3MiU2o6AbkMqq5OKx1US7rllNx_8V6y2tV9H5rbBPKA4PcPuehytJziED3axdIIMEkCHGw_YXdC9BiZdm97wPluuQx9ZGB4XD/s1600/biochar.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwAWz3x4AOLn12s50mKuLMSxsLqke36C0KNmOA-lnvvab3MiU2o6AbkMqq5OKx1US7rllNx_8V6y2tV9H5rbBPKA4PcPuehytJziED3axdIIMEkCHGw_YXdC9BiZdm97wPluuQx9ZGB4XD/s320/biochar.JPG" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">This work is on a recent study done to evaluate the effect that adoption of biochar throughout the globe may have in terms of carbon sequestration. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">The take home is that present regimes could comfortably handle up to fifteen percent of the CO2 produced and vented presently.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">However, the real certainty is that we will be exiting the fossil fuel business over the coming century. We are witnessing the first moves there in the massive emergence of successful wind energy production. The real break will be fusion energy when we master that art. In the meantime, Geothermal and solar will also emerge now at a great clip.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">When we exit the fossil business also reforest the maximum open land which will massively increase the globe’s biomass, we are likely to swiftly create a CO2 deficit and will need to burn fossil fuels to make up the difference.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">1.8 billion metric tons of carbon applied to land at say ten tons per acre will produce 200 million acres of fully involved terra preta soils. This works out to be around a quarter million square miles per year. Of course, in time we can just keep on adding carbon to fully involved soils but that then will not likely be necessary.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Also, as I have already posted, logistics and handling issues will likely make corn husbandry as the go to crop for this. Most other crops simply produce too little usable waste.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">And in spite of the ongoing chatter about using waste wood, it is not the first choice in terms of soils. Most likely there the biochar will be screened for a fines fraction while the balance is used as a fuel for which it is well suited.</span><o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Offsetting greenhouse gas emissions using charcoal<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">By <a href="http://www.gizmag.com/author/darren-quick/"><span style="color: #3366cc;">Darren Quick</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">00:11 August 11, 2010</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><a href="http://www.gizmag.com/biochar-to-offset-greenhouse-gas-emissions/16006/">http://www.gizmag.com/biochar-to-offset-greenhouse-gas-emissions/16006/</a><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">According to a new study, as much as 12 percent of the world’s human-caused greenhouse gas emissions could be sustainably offset by producing biochar, a charcoal-like substance made from plants and other organic materials. That’s more than would be offset if the same plants and materials were burned to generate bioenergy, says the study. Additionally, biochar could improve food production in the world’s poorest regions as it increases soil fertility.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Biochar is made by decomposing biomass like plants, wood and other organic materials at high temperature in a process called slow pyrolysis – a form of incineration that decomposes organic materials by heat in the absence of oxygen. Normally, biomass breaks down and releases its carbon into the atmosphere within a decade or two. But biochar is more stable and can hold onto its carbon for hundreds or even thousands of years, keeping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide out of the air longer.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Other biochar benefits include: improving soils by increasing their ability to retain water and nutrients; decreasing nitrous oxide and methane emissions from the soil into which it is tilled; and, during the slow pyrolysis process, producing some bio-based gas and oil that can offset emissions from fossil fuels.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">The carbon-packed substance was first suggested as a way to counteract climate change in 1993. Scientists and policymakers have given it increasing attention in the past few years and this new study conducted by a collaborative team from the Department of Energy’s <a href="http://www.pnl.gov/" target="_blank"><span style="color: #3366cc;">Pacific Northwest National Laboratory</span></a> (PNNL), <a href="http://www.swan.ac.uk/" target="_blank"><span style="color: #3366cc;">Swansea University</span></a>, <a href="http://www.cornell.edu/" target="_blank"><span style="color: #3366cc;">Cornell University</span></a>, and the <a href="http://www.unsw.edu.au/" target="_blank"><span style="color: #3366cc;">University of New South Wales</span></a>, is the most thorough and comprehensive analysis to date on the global potential of biochar.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">The study<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">For their study, the researchers looked to the world’s sources of biomass that aren’t already being used by humans as food. For example, they considered the world’s supply of corn leaves and stalks, rice husks, livestock manure and yard trimmings, to name a few. The researchers then calculated the carbon content of that biomass and how much of each source could realistically be used for biochar production.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">With this information, they developed a mathematical model that could account for three possible scenarios. In one, the maximum possible amount of biochar was made by using all sustainably available biomass. Another scenario involved a minimal amount of biomass being converted into biochar, while the third offered a middle course. The maximum scenario required significant changes to the way the entire planet manages biomass, while the minimal scenario limited biochar production to using biomass residues and wastes that are readily available with few changes to current practices.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">The researchers found that the maximum scenario could offset up to the equivalent of 1.8 petagrams – or 1.8 billion metric tons – of carbon emissions annually and a total of 130 billion metric tons throughout in the first 100 years. Avoided emissions include the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. The estimated annual maximum offset is 12 percent of the 15.4 billion metric tons of greenhouse gas emissions that human activity adds to the atmosphere each year. Researchers also calculated that the minimal scenario could sequester just under 1 billion metric tons annually and 65 billion metric tons during the same period.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Making biochar sustainably requires heating mostly residual biomass with modern technologies that recover energy created during biochar’s production and eliminate the emissions of methane and nitrous oxide, the study also noted.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Biochar and bioenergy<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Instead of making biochar, biomass can also be burned to produce bioenergy from heat. Researchers found that burning the same amount of biomass used in their maximum biochar scenario would offset 107 billion metric tons of carbon emissions during the first century. The bioenergy offset, while substantial, was 23 metric tons less than the offset from biochar.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Researchers attributed this difference to a positive feedback from the addition of biochar to soils. By improving soil conditions, biochar increases plant growth and therefore creates more biomass for biochar productions. Adding biochar to soils can also decrease nitrous oxide and methane emissions that are naturally released from soil.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><a href="http://images.gizmag.com/inline/biochar-0.jpg">http://images.gizmag.com/inline/biochar-0.jpg</a><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8N2kNRQkngz_RNNbvcQC43Mw8UilELv_eMIFKiyEpJhWnwImfPlo9vrZzyYI6y3B7Z8tF03qoLjwpM5wmwV_UcM6t-v3kQUL0_H9Ti0nUVRQ1lLIpMnOHbcidcx5hEQEP35qC4T8OM7dU/s1600/biochar-0.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8N2kNRQkngz_RNNbvcQC43Mw8UilELv_eMIFKiyEpJhWnwImfPlo9vrZzyYI6y3B7Z8tF03qoLjwpM5wmwV_UcM6t-v3kQUL0_H9Ti0nUVRQ1lLIpMnOHbcidcx5hEQEP35qC4T8OM7dU/s320/biochar-0.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">However, the researchers say a flexible approach including the production of biochar in some areas and bioenergy in others would create optimal greenhouse gas offsets. Their study showed that biochar would be most beneficial if it were tilled into the planet’s poorest soils, such as those in the tropics and the <st1:place w:st="on">Southeastern United States</st1:place>.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Those soils, which have lost their ability to hold onto nutrients during thousands of years of weathering, would become more fertile with the extra water and nutrients the biochar would help retain. Richer soils would increase the crop and biomass growth – and future biochar sources – in those areas. Adding biochar to the most infertile cropland would offset greenhouse gases by 60 percent more than if bioenergy were made using the same amount of biomass from that location, the researchers found.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">On the other hand, the authors wrote that bioenergy production could be better suited for areas that already have rich soils - such as the <st1:place w:st="on">Midwest</st1:place> – and that also rely on coal for energy. Their analysis showed that bioenergy production on fertile soils would offset the greenhouse gas emissions of coal-fired power plants by 16 to 22 percent more than biochar in the same situation.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><a href="http://images.gizmag.com/inline/biochar-1.jpg">http://images.gizmag.com/inline/biochar-1.jpg</a><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-Vgf7ZiJ5JEg9L-V5_ItfjHY0Rd7v1cBKysQw1XbRFJnEkCtWv0ysBESfF_Za1PbUcV1zKkTSJXwNo9HvR2LCA_UAJ-NebH7MRDQZtR-HkMg42WskXUR5Q6jGD2an2SrDC3Gn8BPzsGzu/s1600/biochar-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-Vgf7ZiJ5JEg9L-V5_ItfjHY0Rd7v1cBKysQw1XbRFJnEkCtWv0ysBESfF_Za1PbUcV1zKkTSJXwNo9HvR2LCA_UAJ-NebH7MRDQZtR-HkMg42WskXUR5Q6jGD2an2SrDC3Gn8BPzsGzu/s320/biochar-1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Sustainability<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">The study also shows how sustainable practices can make the biochar that creates these offsets.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">“The scientific community has been split on biochar,” says PNNL’s Jim Amonette. “Some think it’ll ruin biodiversity and require large biomass plantations. But our research shows that won’t be the case if the right approach is taken.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">The researchers’ estimates of avoided emissions were developed by assuming no agricultural or previously unmanaged lands will be converted for biomass crop production. Other sustainability criteria included leaving enough biomass residue on the soil to prevent erosion, not using crop residues currently eaten by livestock, not adding biochar made from treated building materials to agricultural soils and requiring that only modern pyrolysis technologies – those that fully recover energy released during the process and eliminate soot, methane and nitrous oxide emissions – be used for biochar production.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">“Roughly half of biochar’s climate-mitigation potential is due to its carbon storage abilities,” Amonette said. “The rest depends on the efficient recovery of the energy created during pyrolysis and the positive feedback achieved when biochar is added to soil. All of these are needed for biochar to reach its full sustainable potential.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">The study, "Sustainable biochar to mitigate global climate change," appears in the journal <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/journal/v1/n5/full/ncomms1053.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #3366cc;">Nature Communications</span></a></span>.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div>Global Warminghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11353487146513918826noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5057622078576171787.post-35611346442514047032010-08-13T05:27:00.000-07:002011-01-02T23:30:21.267-08:00Updating the Global Middle Class<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcomM6ZN7j-zo-Mppbz3hK4z6ZPTgpwp18co_Yj8BKn2ZRGaUsWbL3o6KmIGryheYlwjrPEqX5LvfJRgXDeuoxjhj7lc_uE5aj1AviyMVmEi-GBtbnyGeDT0vjqFOID2OMGtbC1zgF0_9e/s1600/globalmc5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcomM6ZN7j-zo-Mppbz3hK4z6ZPTgpwp18co_Yj8BKn2ZRGaUsWbL3o6KmIGryheYlwjrPEqX5LvfJRgXDeuoxjhj7lc_uE5aj1AviyMVmEi-GBtbnyGeDT0vjqFOID2OMGtbC1zgF0_9e/s320/globalmc5.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><a href="" name="4522844195258988721"></a>This item is a fresh reminder of the shear power of the S curve. Largely everyone on the Globe today is actually on the curve at some point or another. A huge mass of Chinesse are entering the full acceleration phase and will create a huge internal demand. The same is also true for </span><st1:country-region w:st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">India</span></st1:country-region><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> and possibly now </span><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Brazil</span></st1:country-region></st1:place><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">There is one practical effect. The supply excess </span><st1:country-region w:st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">US</span></st1:country-region><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> currency denominated credit out there will be sponged up far faster than anticipated and the damage caused by the first global financial crisis will be quickly repaired outside the </span><st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">USA</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">It is noteworthy that foreign investors are now focused on resources because of this. The world needs a number of huge copper mines to be commissioned. Little of that will also flow into the </span><st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">US</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> because the states are mostly viewed unfriendly to mining at all. To start with, most lands are still managed under the original 1877 mining law and is a huge problem. The rest of the world has mostly learned to welcome major mining companies, not least because artisan miners pay no taxes and massively damage the environment.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">An inevitable billion man middle class will need a ten fold increase in raw material availability. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><a href="http://nextbigfuture.com/2010/08/update-on-global-middle-class.html"><span style="color: black;">Update on the Global Middle Class</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">AUGUST 11, 2010<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><a href="http://nextbigfuture.com/2010/08/update-on-global-middle-class.html/">http://nextbigfuture.com/2010/08/update-on-global-middle-class.html/</a><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjWdeJq8f_PpmbDhNe_UOnSAxdp9CvvvP6JLrqeM0kgYBca0J1tLl1moe6-XYItIAQJAtcPu5NBkyM5sPHPkpOy45ssMtouY1ZaT135E57G35o4Dj6px-Ax7NTs9ij_mVRQCmApWnEEKA/s320/globalmc2.jpg">https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjWdeJq8f_PpmbDhNe_UOnSAxdp9CvvvP6JLrqeM0kgYBca0J1tLl1moe6-XYItIAQJAtcPu5NBkyM5sPHPkpOy45ssMtouY1ZaT135E57G35o4Dj6px-Ax7NTs9ij_mVRQCmApWnEEKA/s320/globalmc2.jpg</a><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhN5-BScATIVQN4oXaeVH5OpwgRMpreiH-wHnWRRg4cTdEC1kQGHWuLg23k4RO74W4m0TL4TYfdJ-Fy2j5FcWorssfe0VkfC-cU-ThmLmqvFWQCSDrP-O_ljLjy662NxfNSOYnrATC1tuHi/s1600/globalmc2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhN5-BScATIVQN4oXaeVH5OpwgRMpreiH-wHnWRRg4cTdEC1kQGHWuLg23k4RO74W4m0TL4TYfdJ-Fy2j5FcWorssfe0VkfC-cU-ThmLmqvFWQCSDrP-O_ljLjy662NxfNSOYnrATC1tuHi/s320/globalmc2.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><a href="http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/54/62/44798225.pdf" target="blank"><span style="color: black;">The Emerging Middle Class in Developing Countries by Homi Kharas of the Brookings Institute</span></a> Middle class definition used is those spending $10-100 per day. Some interesting things to notice is that the projection is for the world economy to get to 200 trillion in 2005 dollars by 2036 up from about 70 trillion now. <st1:place w:st="on">Asia</st1:place> will be over half of the world economy. North America will go from about 26% now to about 12%, which will be the same as central and south <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">America</st1:place></st1:country-region>. By 2024-2030, the dominant share of the middle class economy from <st1:country-region w:st="on">India</st1:country-region> and <st1:country-region w:st="on">China</st1:country-region> and the rest of <st1:place w:st="on">Asia</st1:place> will established according the Kharas forecast. It would then be a shift from the lower end of the middle class range to the upper part.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimkI42NHqy50RlYJIdFMj-WutZFlDRPQBj08ghbX-HqSw1Z2Df8OF8WPYz8EKRHZ-Hn1F2M30H82xVO8kie_8LzA1MaUUVgS0a6KB0EBNXvOs7qENiHdWFyhIiCmEYwvSCNuyIzePqirc/s320/globalmc1.jpg">https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimkI42NHqy50RlYJIdFMj-WutZFlDRPQBj08ghbX-HqSw1Z2Df8OF8WPYz8EKRHZ-Hn1F2M30H82xVO8kie_8LzA1MaUUVgS0a6KB0EBNXvOs7qENiHdWFyhIiCmEYwvSCNuyIzePqirc/s320/globalmc1.jpg</a><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></i></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD_RM_9yCwV8TLgq9qLG9ljJaJyV0LDDnxJKtKUbpXTYU1cMB6y7nCm9E-JWWCbF_1IHlMQ9c1IXuaRh7Byapqx8Qs8qblB8oKQFHw2O62k3k_YJ8SGFHz83K0j9WzJ1Km7FtAsodHSlOy/s1600/globalmc1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD_RM_9yCwV8TLgq9qLG9ljJaJyV0LDDnxJKtKUbpXTYU1cMB6y7nCm9E-JWWCbF_1IHlMQ9c1IXuaRh7Byapqx8Qs8qblB8oKQFHw2O62k3k_YJ8SGFHz83K0j9WzJ1Km7FtAsodHSlOy/s320/globalmc1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="more"></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; 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mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></i></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKBMh4APM_JoDwfCeDWasPyqx1NjBPDKIO1LJMHcSsHplVG0IRH1jsgqtWxMRIvredGAU_yjzq223vFWZoAtN5A2Z7Vjs0HXG9AdfmD8Gjp4zgjE0m7xRt4I5BKN0ViSOzJZVCoqjGb3KU/s1600/globalmc4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKBMh4APM_JoDwfCeDWasPyqx1NjBPDKIO1LJMHcSsHplVG0IRH1jsgqtWxMRIvredGAU_yjzq223vFWZoAtN5A2Z7Vjs0HXG9AdfmD8Gjp4zgjE0m7xRt4I5BKN0ViSOzJZVCoqjGb3KU/s320/globalmc4.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw6Vsg0DK_NQ1msXO5ON8rE0P0QAdnprgxARer8hOhddwBVUcuvDG1XxDSIms8oPrb04M4ktnr6TAC_1fkuiJZy7TP676rHv1hAsP1w0zyNzI_MW0h71b01L7yKEjePWOOWFCYdpty2-M/s400/globalmc5.jpg">https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw6Vsg0DK_NQ1msXO5ON8rE0P0QAdnprgxARer8hOhddwBVUcuvDG1XxDSIms8oPrb04M4ktnr6TAC_1fkuiJZy7TP676rHv1hAsP1w0zyNzI_MW0h71b01L7yKEjePWOOWFCYdpty2-M/s400/globalmc5.jpg</a><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><br /></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><br /></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><br /></i></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcomM6ZN7j-zo-Mppbz3hK4z6ZPTgpwp18co_Yj8BKn2ZRGaUsWbL3o6KmIGryheYlwjrPEqX5LvfJRgXDeuoxjhj7lc_uE5aj1AviyMVmEi-GBtbnyGeDT0vjqFOID2OMGtbC1zgF0_9e/s1600/globalmc5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcomM6ZN7j-zo-Mppbz3hK4z6ZPTgpwp18co_Yj8BKn2ZRGaUsWbL3o6KmIGryheYlwjrPEqX5LvfJRgXDeuoxjhj7lc_uE5aj1AviyMVmEi-GBtbnyGeDT0vjqFOID2OMGtbC1zgF0_9e/s320/globalmc5.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><br /></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div>Global Warminghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11353487146513918826noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5057622078576171787.post-3852270896496139672010-08-13T05:13:00.000-07:002011-01-02T23:30:21.272-08:00Why WW II Ended in a Mushroom Cloud<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYi5aWvyndcG4MWgaAV0Kia93HuaEtDrYARKLTKXBA-m2aFTAaRIJz423ZLYalfOHFw7OQctM7GjWOBjvpWjVrtyNpjIPBgzSsQ36ie4BCGRXC9B1JnLbBWAw9EyX4X_8-UTuuHScSQwSV/s1600/hiroshima_bomb.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYi5aWvyndcG4MWgaAV0Kia93HuaEtDrYARKLTKXBA-m2aFTAaRIJz423ZLYalfOHFw7OQctM7GjWOBjvpWjVrtyNpjIPBgzSsQ36ie4BCGRXC9B1JnLbBWAw9EyX4X_8-UTuuHScSQwSV/s320/hiroshima_bomb.jpg" /></a></div><br /><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">The story presented for the closing days of the Second World War was always a little too pat. This plausibly puts a different perspective on the situation and the concerns determining policy in the last days of the war.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">It certainly served US interests to demonstrate the actual power of the atomic bomb. I can not believe that anyone had a proper appreciation of the actual future role of the bomb itself but they certainly needed to convince the soviets not to exploit their strategic advantage. Recall that communist doctrine called for a global communist polity that certainly included all of </span><st1:place w:st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Europe</span></st1:place><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">. The swift repositioning of surrendering German armies alongside western forces and Patten’s comments at the time shows us just how dicey it all was.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">The atomic bomb made further Soviet gains impossible and put Stalin emotionally on the defensive. As this article makes clear, </span><st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Japan</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">’s last hope evaporated with the Soviet declaration of war. Their swift surrender was inevitable long before any American forces hit the beach and the US did have the option of landing in Korea instead and linking up with the Soviets while Japan starved and their Army was destroyed in China.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">The A bomb was a game changer and the </span><st1:place w:st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Soviet Union</span></st1:place><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> failed to win the Atomic peace. This was not an obvious conclusion to make in 1945 when prior to the Second War the soviet economy had outstripped everyone else’s.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><b>Why World War II ended with Mushroom Clouds</b><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">65 years ago, August 6 and 9, 1945: <st1:city w:st="on">Hiroshima</st1:city> and <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Nagasaki</st1:place></st1:city><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">By Jacques R. Pauwels<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">URL of this article: <a href="http://r20.rs6.net/tn.jsp?et=1103601632968&s=22810&e=001dq4ktprdAe1jnPtQ28ecgupg4lu5DCJoZrby9H2efsAANBAaksBkOxw3eV4E7R1mCO7XAdmTZgBCes6TPbPK1ge92dqJrwBv02wTyvjuj0Tjjj6bPEeZFLVIqH2uq1_1kI7AyDxfvm9kng9qQLUDYpKvhqnyCLSy_I7HErJMdmQ=" target="_blank">www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=20478</a><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">“<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">On Monday, August 6, 1945, at 8:15 AM, the nuclear bomb ‘Little Boy” was dropped on <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Hiroshima</st1:place></st1:city> by an American B-29 bomber, the Enola Gay, directly killing an estimated 80,000 people. By the end of the year, injury and radiation brought total casualties to 90,000-140,000.</span>”[1]<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">“On August 9, 1945, Nagasaki was the target of the world's second atomic bomb attack at 11:02 a.m., when the north of the city was destroyed and an estimated 40,000 people were killed by the bomb nicknamed ‘Fat Man.’ The death toll from the atomic bombing totalled 73,884, as well as another 74,909 injured, and another several hundred thousand diseased and dying due to fallout and other illness caused by radiation.”[</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">2]<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">In the European Theatre, World War II ended in early May 1945 with the capitulation of Nazi <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Germany</st1:country-region></st1:place>. The “Big Three” on the side of the victors – <st1:country-region w:st="on">Great Britain</st1:country-region>, the <st1:country-region w:st="on">United States</st1:country-region>, and the Soviet Union – now faced the complex problem of the postwar reorganization of <st1:place w:st="on">Europe</st1:place>. The <st1:country-region w:st="on">United States</st1:country-region> had entered the war rather late, in December 1941, and had only started to make a truly significant military contribution to the Allied victory over <st1:country-region w:st="on">Germany</st1:country-region> with the landings in <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Normandy</st1:place></st1:state> in June 1944, less than one year before the end of the hostilities. When the war against <st1:country-region w:st="on">Germany</st1:country-region> ended, however, <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Washington</st1:place></st1:state> sat firmly and confidently at the table of the victors, determined to achieve what might be called its “war aims.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">As the country that had made the biggest contribution and suffered by far the greatest losses in the conflict against the common Nazi enemy, the Soviet Union wanted major reparation payments from Germany and security against potential future aggression, in the form of the installation in Germany, Poland and other Eastern European countries of governments that would not be hostile to the Soviets, as had been the case before the war. Moscow also expected compensation for territorial losses suffered by the Soviet Union at the time of the Revolution and the Civil War, and finally, the Soviets expected that, with the terrible ordeal of the war behind them, they would be able to resume work on the project of constructing a socialist society. The American and British leaders knew these Soviet aims and had explicitly or implicitly recognized their legitimacy, for example at the conferences of the Big Three in <st1:city w:st="on">Tehran</st1:city> and <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Yalta</st1:place></st1:city>. That did not mean that Washington and London were enthusiastic about the fact that the Soviet Union was to reap these rewards for its war efforts; and there undoubtedly lurked a potential conflict with Washington’s own major objective, namely, the creation of an “open door” for US exports and investments in Western Europe, in defeated Germany, and also in Central and Eastern Europe, liberated by the Soviet Union. In any event, American political and industrial leaders - including Harry Truman, who succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt as President in the spring of 1945 - had little understanding, and even less sympathy, for even the most basic expectations of the Soviets. These leaders abhorred the thought that the Soviet Union might receive considerable reparations from <st1:country-region w:st="on">Germany</st1:country-region>, because such a bloodletting would eliminate <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Germany</st1:place></st1:country-region> as a potentially extremely profitable market for US exports and investments. Instead, reparations would enable the Soviets to resume work, possibly successfully, on the project of a communist society, a “counter system” to the international capitalist system of which the USA had become the great champion. America’s political and economic elite was undoubtedly also keenly aware that German reparations to the Soviets implied that the German branch plants of US corporations such as Ford and GM, which had produced all sorts of weapons for the Nazis during the war (and made a lot of money in the process[3]) would have to produce for the benefit of the Soviets instead of continuing to enrich US owners and shareholders. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Negotiations among the Big Three would obviously never result in the withdrawal of the Red Army from <st1:country-region w:st="on">Germany</st1:country-region> and <st1:place w:st="on">Eastern Europe</st1:place> before the Soviet objectives of reparations and security would be at least partly achieved. However, on April 25, 1945, Truman learned that the <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">US</st1:place></st1:country-region> would soon dispose of a powerful new weapon, the atom bomb. Possession of this weapon opened up all sorts of previously unthinkable but extremely favorable perspectives, and it is hardly surprising that the new president and his advisors fell under the spell of what the renowned American historian William Appleman Williams has called a “vision of omnipotence.”[4] It certainly no longer appeared necessary to engage in difficult negotiations with the Soviets: thanks to the atom bomb, it would be possible to force Stalin, in spite of earlier agreements, to withdraw the Red Army from Germany and to deny him a say in the postwar affairs of that country, to install “pro-western” and even anti-Soviet regimes in Poland and elsewhere in Eastern Europe, and perhaps even to open up the Soviet Union itself to American investment capital as well as American political and economic influence, thus returning this communist heretic to the bosom of the universal capitalist church.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">At the time of the German surrender in May 1945, the bomb was almost, but not quite, ready. Truman therefore stalled as long as possible before finally agreeing to attend a conference of the Big Three in Potsdam in the summer of 1945, where the fate of postwar Europe would be decided. The president had been informed that the bomb would likely be ready by then - ready, that is, to be used as “a hammer,” as he himself stated on one occasion, that he would wave “over the heads of those boys in the Kremlin.”[5] At the <st1:city w:st="on">Potsdam</st1:city> Conference, which lasted from July 17 toAugust 2, 1945, Truman did indeed receive the long-awaited message that the atom bomb had been tested successfully on July 16 in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on">New Mexico</st1:state></st1:place>. As of then, he no longer bothered to present proposals to Stalin, but instead made all sorts of demands; at the same time he rejected out of hand all proposals made by the Soviets, for example concerning German reparation payments, including reasonable proposals based on earlier inter-Allied agreements. Stalin failed to display the hoped-for willingness to capitulate, however, not even when Truman attempted to intimidate him by whispering ominously into his ear that <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">America</st1:place></st1:country-region> had acquired an incredible new weapon. The Soviet sphinx, who had certainly already been informed about the American atom bomb, listened in stony silence. Somewhat puzzled, Truman concluded that only an actual demonstration of the atomic bomb would persuade the Soviets to give way. Consequently, no general agreement could be achieved at <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Potsdam</st1:place></st1:city>. In fact, little or nothing of substance was decided there. “The main result of the conference,” writes historian Gar Alperovitz, “was a series of decisions to disagree until the next meeting.”[6]<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">In the meantime the Japanese battled on in the <st1:place w:st="on">Far East</st1:place>, even though their situation was totally hopeless. They were in fact prepared to surrender, but they insisted on a condition, namely, that Emperor Hirohito would be guaranteed immunity. This contravened the American demand for an unconditional capitulation. In spite of this it should have been possible to end the war on the basis of the Japanese proposal. In fact, the German surrender at <st1:place w:st="on">Reims</st1:place> three months earlier had not been entirely unconditional.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(The Americans had agreed to a German condition, namely, that the armistice would only go into effect after a delay of 45 hours, a delay that would allow as many German army units as possible to slip away from the eastern front in order to surrender to the Americans or the British; many of these units would actually be kept ready - in uniform, armed, and under the command of their own officers – for possible use against the Red Army, as Churchill was to admit after the war.)[7] <o:p></o:p></span></u></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">In any event,<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Tokyo</st1:city></st1:place>’s sole condition was far from essential. Indeed, later - after an unconditional surrender had been wrested from the Japanese - the Americans would never bother Hirohito, and it was thanks to <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on">Washington</st1:state></st1:place> that he was to be able to remain emperor for many more decades.[8]<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">The Japanese believed that they could still afford the luxury of attaching a condition to their offer to surrender because the main force of their land army remained intact, in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region>, where it had spent most of the war. Tokyo thought that it could use this army to defend Japan itself and thus make the Americans pay a high price for their admittedly inevitable final victory, but this scheme would only work if the Soviet Union stayed out of the war in the Far East; a Soviet entry into the war, on the other hand, would inevitably pin down the Japanese forces on the Chinese mainland. Soviet neutrality, in other words, permitted <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Tokyo</st1:place></st1:city> a small measure of hope; not hope for a victory, of course, but hope for American acceptance of their condition concerning the emperor. To a certain extent the war with <st1:country-region w:st="on">Japan</st1:country-region> dragged on, then, because the <st1:place w:st="on">Soviet Union</st1:place> was not yet involved in it. Already at the Conference of the Big Three in <st1:city w:st="on">Tehran</st1:city> in 1943, Stalin had promised to declare war on <st1:country-region w:st="on">Japan</st1:country-region> within three months after the capitulation of <st1:country-region w:st="on">Germany</st1:country-region>, and he had reiterated this commitment as recently as July 17, 1945, in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Potsdam</st1:city></st1:place>.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Consequently, <st1:state w:st="on">Washington</st1:state> counted on a Soviet attack on <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region> by the middle of August and thus knew only too well that the situation of the Japanese was hopeless. (“Fini Japs when that comes about,” Truman confided to his diary, referring to the expected Soviet entry into the war in the <st1:place w:st="on">Far East</st1:place>.)[9] In addition, the American navy assured <st1:state w:st="on">Washington</st1:state> that it was able to prevent the Japanese from transferring their army from <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region> in order to defend the homeland against an American invasion. Since the <st1:country-region w:st="on">US</st1:country-region> navy was undoubtedly able to force <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region> to its knees by means of a blockade, an invasion was not even necessary. Deprived of imported necessities such as food and fuel, <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region> could be expected to beg to capitulate unconditionally sooner or later. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">In order to finish the war against <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region>, Truman thus had a number of very attractive options. He could accept the trivial Japanese condition with regard to immunity for their emperor; he could also wait until the Red Army attacked the Japanese in China, thus forcing Tokyo into accepting an unconditional surrender after all; or he could starve Japan to death by means of a naval blockade that would have forced Tokyo to sue for peace sooner or later. Truman and his advisors, however, chose none of these options; instead, they decided to knock <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region> out with the atomic bomb. This fateful decision, which was to cost the lives of hundreds of thousands of people, mostly women and children, offered the Americans considerable advantages. First, the bomb might force Tokyo to surrender before the Soviets got involved in the war in Asia, thus making it unnecessary to allow Moscow a say in the coming decisions about postwar Japan, about the territories which had been occupied by Japan (such as Korea and Manchuria), and about the Far East and the Pacific region in general. The <st1:country-region w:st="on">USA</st1:country-region> would then enjoy a total hegemony over that part of the world, something which may be said to have been the true (though unspoken) war aim of <st1:state w:st="on">Washington</st1:state> in the conflict with <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region>. It was in light of this consideration that the strategy of simply blockading <st1:country-region w:st="on">Japan</st1:country-region> into surrender was rejected, since the surrender might not have been forthcoming until after – and possibly well after - the <st1:place w:st="on">Soviet Union</st1:place>’s entry into the war. (After the war, the U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey stated that “certainly prior to 31 December 1945, Japan would have surrendered, even if the atomic bombs had not been dropped.”)[10]<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">As far as the American leaders were concerned, a Soviet intervention in the war in the Far East threatened to achieve for the Soviets the same advantage which the Yankees’ relatively late intervention in the war in Europe had produced for the United States, namely, a place at the round table of the victors who would force their will on the defeated enemy, carve occupation zones out of his territory, change borders, determine postwar social-economic and political structures, and thereby derive for themselves enormous benefits and prestige. <st1:state w:st="on">Washington</st1:state> absolutely did not want the <st1:place w:st="on">Soviet Union</st1:place> to enjoy this kind of input. The Americans were on the brink of victory over <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region>, their great rival in that part of the world. They did not relish the idea of being saddled with a new potential rival, one whose detested communist ideology might become dangerously influential in many Asian countries. By dropping the atomic bomb, the Americans hoped to finish Japan off instantly and go to work in the Far Eastas cavalier seul, that is, without their victory party being spoiled by unwanted Soviet gate-crashers. Use of the atom bomb offered <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Washington</st1:place></st1:state> a second important advantage. Truman’s experience in <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Potsdam</st1:place></st1:city> had persuaded him that only an actual demonstration of this new weapon would make Stalin sufficiently pliable. Nuking a “Jap” city, preferably a “virgin” city, where the damage would be especially impressive, thus loomed useful as a means to intimidate the Soviets and induce them to make concessions with respect to <st1:country-region w:st="on">Germany</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Poland</st1:country-region>, and the rest of Central andEastern <st1:place w:st="on">Europe</st1:place>.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">The atomic bomb was ready just before the Soviets became involved in the <st1:place w:st="on">Far East</st1:place>. Even so, the nuclear pulverization of <st1:city w:st="on">Hiroshima</st1:city> on August 6, 1945, came too late to prevent the Soviets from entering the war against <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region>. Tokyo did not throw in the towel immediately, as the Americans had hoped, and on August 8, 1945 - exactly three months after the German capitulation in <st1:state w:st="on">Berlin</st1:state> - the Soviets declared war on <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region>. The next day, on August 9, the Red Army attacked the Japanese troops stationed in northern <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region>. Washington itself had long asked for Soviet intervention, but when that intervention finally came, Truman and his advisors were far from ecstatic about the fact that Stalin had kept his word. IfJapan’s rulers did not respond immediately to the bombing of Hiroshima with an unconditional capitulation, it may have been because they could not ascertain immediately that only one plane and one bomb had done so much damage. (Many conventional bombing raids had produced equally catastrophic results; an attack by thousands of bombers on the Japanese capital on March 9-10, 1945, for example, had actually caused more casualties than the bombing of Hiroshima.) In any event, it took some time before an unconditional capitulation was forthcoming, and on account of this delay the <st1:country-region w:st="on">USSR</st1:country-region> did get involved in the war against <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region> after all. This made <st1:state w:st="on">Washington</st1:state> extremely impatient: the day after the Soviet declaration of war, on August 9, 1945, a second bomb was dropped, this time on the city of <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Nagasaki</st1:place></st1:city>. A former American army chaplain later stated: “I am of the opinion that this was one of the reasons why a second bomb was dropped: because there was a rush. They wanted to get the Japanese to capitulate before the Russians showed up.”[11] (The chaplain may or may not have been aware that among the 75,000 human beings who were “instantaneously incinerated, carbonized and evaporated” in Nagasaki were many Japanese Catholics as well an unknown number of inmates of a camp for allied POWs, whose presence had been reported to the air command, to no avail.)[12] It took another five days, that is, until August 14, before the Japanese could bring themselves to capitulate. In the meantime the Red Army was able to make considerable progress, to the great chagrin of Truman and his advisors.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">And so the Americans were stuck with a Soviet partner in the <st1:place w:st="on">Far East</st1:place> after all. Or were they? Truman made sure that they were not, ignoring the precedents set earlier with respect to cooperation among the Big Three in <st1:place w:st="on">Europe</st1:place>. Already on August 15, 1945, <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Washington</st1:place></st1:state> rejected Stalin’s request for a Soviet occupation zone in the defeated land of the rising sun. And when on September 2, 1945, General MacArthur officially accepted the Japanese surrender on the American battleship Missouri in the Bay of Tokyo, representatives of the Soviet Union - and of other allies in the Far East, such as Great Britain, France, Australia, and the Netherlands - were allowed to be present only as insignificant extras, as spectators. Unlike <st1:country-region w:st="on">Germany</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region> was not carved up into occupation zones. <st1:country-region w:st="on">America</st1:country-region>’s defeated rival was to be occupied by the Americans only, and as American “viceroy” in <st1:city w:st="on">Tokyo</st1:city>, General MacArthur would ensure that, regardless of contributions made to the common victory, no other power had a say in the affairs of postwar <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region>.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Sixty-five years ago, Truman did not have to use the atomic bomb in order to force <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region> to its knees, but he had reasons to want to use the bomb. The atom bomb enabled the Americans to force Tokyo to surrender unconditionally, to keep the Soviets out of the Far East and - last but not least - to force Washington’s will on the Kremlin in Europe also. Hiroshima and Nagasaki were obliterated for these reasons, and many American historians realize this only too well; Sean Dennis Cashman, for example, writes:<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">With the passing of time, many historians have concluded that the bomb was used as much for political reasons...Vannevar Bush [the head of the American center for scientific research] stated that the bomb “was also delivered on time, so that there was no necessity for any concessions toRussia at the end of the war”. Secretary of State James F. Byrnes [Truman’s Secretary of State] never denied a statement attributed to him that the bomb had been used to demonstrate American power to the <st1:place w:st="on">Soviet Union</st1:place> in order to make it more manageable in Europe.[13]<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Truman himself, however, hypocritically declared at the time that the purpose of the two nuclear bombardments had been “to bring the boys home,” that is, to quickly finish the war without any further major loss of life on the American side. This explanation was uncritically broadcast in the American media and it developed into a myth eagerly propagated by the majority of historians and media in the <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">USA</st1:place></st1:country-region> and throughout the “Western” world. That myth, which, incidentally, also serves to justify potential future nuclear strikes on targets such as <st1:country-region w:st="on">Iran</st1:country-region> and <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">North Korea</st1:place></st1:country-region>, is still very much alive - just check your mainstream newspaper on August 6 and 9!<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="color: windowtext; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Jacques R. Pauwels</span></i></b><i><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">, author of </span></i><b><i><span style="color: windowtext; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">The Myth of the Good War: America in the Second World War</span></i></b><i><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">, James Lorimer, Toronto, 2002</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Notes</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshima</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">.</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagasaki.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[3] </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Jacques R. Pauwels, </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">The Myth of the Good War: <st1:country-region w:st="on">America</st1:country-region> in the Second World War, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Toronto</st1:city></st1:place>, 2002, pp. 201-05.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[4] William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy, revised edition, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on">New York</st1:state></st1:place>, 1962, </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">p. 250.</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[5] Quoted in Michael Parenti, The Anti-Communist Impulse, <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New York</st1:place></st1:state>, 1969, p. 126.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[6] Gar Alperovitz Atomic Diplomacy: <st1:city w:st="on">Hiroshima</st1:city> and <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Potsdam</st1:place></st1:city>. The Use of the Atomic Bomb and the American Confrontation with Soviet Power, new edition, Harmondsworth, Middlesex, 1985 (original edition 1965), p. 223.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[7] </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Pauwels, op. cit., p. 143.</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[8] Alperovitz, op. cit., pp. 28, 156.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[9] </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Quoted in Alperovitz, op. cit., p. 24.</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[10] Cited in David Horowitz, From <st1:city w:st="on">Yalta</st1:city> to <st1:country-region w:st="on">Vietnam</st1:country-region>: American Foreign Policy in the Cold War, Harmondsworth, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Middlesex</st1:city>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">England</st1:country-region></st1:place>, 1967, p. 53.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[11] Studs Terkel, "The Good War": An Oral History of World War Two, <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New York</st1:place></st1:state>, 1984, p. 535.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[12] Gary G. Kohls, “Whitewashing Hiroshima: The Uncritical Glorification of American Militarism,” <a href="http://r20.rs6.net/tn.jsp?et=1103601632968&s=22810&e=001dq4ktprdAe3FSD-yziYIWtH20mhk57SJAiq0tWYgmgnPyc2apaXxuxJAGWUC5nwPUkBS9SxHe6-oZOELZ1vk97ahS4cj084wb8w0QbWs_2sq-lw74H5zwBGBTIEUnGwcsZTR8mizWAsxrK0lyA9vFQ==" target="_blank"></a><a href="http://www.lewrockwell.com/orig5/kohls1.html." target="_blank">http://www.lewrockwell.com/orig5/kohls1.html</a><a href="http://www.lewrockwell.com/orig5/kohls1.html." target="_blank"></a>.<br />[13] Sean Dennis Cashman, , Roosevelt, and World War II, <st1:state w:st="on">New York</st1:state> and <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">London</st1:city></st1:place>, 1989, p. 369.</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>Global Warminghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11353487146513918826noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5057622078576171787.post-42098208287428323642010-08-12T05:25:00.000-07:002011-01-02T23:30:21.281-08:00Stephen Hawking's Call to Escape Earth<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLfmoTxH003agHb36HYf0ut7MWc1gA8b5yg8qvHrDEfYlBsyoQP1-wy_TXENZ78lkdqBLMkJszUmpiYOsYO1Pr8RHqKvOKl1c-PybxM94yzE0Q7bzsSqTR2cxujqODphZQgpcZLbJgQbyw/s1600/hawking_narrowweb__300x384,0.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLfmoTxH003agHb36HYf0ut7MWc1gA8b5yg8qvHrDEfYlBsyoQP1-wy_TXENZ78lkdqBLMkJszUmpiYOsYO1Pr8RHqKvOKl1c-PybxM94yzE0Q7bzsSqTR2cxujqODphZQgpcZLbJgQbyw/s320/hawking_narrowweb__300x384,0.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 5.25pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.25pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 5.25pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.25pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 5.25pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.25pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 5.25pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.25pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">This is all good fun and it is stating the obvious. However, we have plenty of good options. As developed in this blog, simply terraforming Earth will make it full habitable for a population base well over fifty billion while sustaining a bio-rich ecology. Our biggest stretch will be to deploy the </span><st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Eden</span></st1:place></st1:city><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> machine.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 5.25pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.25pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 5.25pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.25pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Then there is the little matter of Venus, nicely prepositioned for been terraformed by our selves. It is merely a matter of diverting plenty of comets into the planet. Once we have the MEV (magnetic exclusion vessel) available for space travel this will be straight forward engineering and may well have been fully underway for the past ten millennia.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 5.25pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.25pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 5.25pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.25pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">After that we get to build space habitats that are a good mile across and are spun up to provide artificial gravity. Any one perhaps can be designed to hold and support a 100 million in population in complete comfort. Ten thousand of those in the asteroid belt would still be lost and invisible to our scopes with minimum effort.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 5.25pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.25pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 5.25pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.25pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">The point I am making is that we can place fifty billion on Earth, fifty billion of Venus and a hundred times that out in the Asteroid Belt long before we have to think about other stars.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 5.25pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.25pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 5.25pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.25pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">The only thing technically needed yet is the MEV. We have the know how to do it all now. The MEV will take perhaps another twenty years or less. I have already described the tech and the key benchmarks in earlier articles and posts.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 5.25pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.25pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 5.25pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.25pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.25pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Stephen Hawking's Warning: Abandon Earth—Or Face Extinction<o:p></o:p></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #666666; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Andrew Dermont on August 6, 2010, 12:00 AM<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://bigthink.com/ideas/21570">http://bigthink.com/ideas/21570</a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #666666; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 9.0pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Let's face it: <a href="http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/news/20100121/"><span style="color: #a92900;">The planet is heating up</span></a>, Earth's population is expanding at an exponential rate, and the the natural resources vital to our survival are running out faster than we can replace them with sustainable alternatives. Even if the human race manages not to push itself <a href="http://bigthink.com/series/31?selected=18972#player"><span style="color: #a92900;">to the brink of nuclear extinction</span></a>, it is still a foregone conclusion that our aging sun <a href="http://bigthink.com/series/31?selected=18970#player"><span style="color: #a92900;">will expand and swallow the Earth</span></a> in roughly 7.6 billion years.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 9.0pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">So, according to famed theoretical physicist <a href="http://bigthink.com/stephenhawking"><span style="color: #a92900;">Stephen Hawking</span></a>, it's time to free ourselves from Mother Earth. "I believe that the long-term future of the human race must be in space," Hawking tells Big Think. "It will be difficult enough to avoid disaster on planet Earth in the next hundred years, let alone the next thousand, or million. The human race shouldn't have all its eggs in one basket, or on one planet. Let's hope we can avoid dropping the basket until we have spread the load."<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 9.0pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br />Hawking says he is an optimist, but his outlook for the future of man's existence is fairly bleak. In the recent past, humankind's survival has been nothing short of "a question of touch and go" he says, citing the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1963 as just one example of how man has narrowly escaped extinction. According to the Federation of American Scientists<a href="http://www.fas.org/programs/ssp/nukes/nuclearweapons/nukestatus.html"><span style="color: #a92900;">there are still about 22,600 stockpiled nuclear weapons scattered around the planet, 7,770 of which are still operational</span></a>. In light of the inability of nuclear states to commit to a global nuclear non-proliferation treaty, the threat of a nuclear holocaust has not subsided. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 9.0pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br />In fact, "the frequency of such occasions is likely to increase in the future," says Hawking, "We shall need great care and judgment to negotiate them all successfully." <o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /><br />Even if humans manage to avoid a nuclear stand-off over the next thousand years, our fate on this planet is still pretty much certain. <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename w:st="on">Sussex</st1:placename></st1:place> astrophysicist Dr. Robert Smith says eventually the aging Sun will accelerate global warming to a point where all of Earth's water will simply evaporate.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br />"Life on Earth will have disappeared long before 7.6 billion years," says Smith, "Scientists have shown that the Sun's slow expansion will cause the temperature at the surface of the Earth to rise. Oceans will evaporate, and the atmosphere will become laden with water vapor, which (like carbon dioxide) is a very effective greenhouse gas. Eventually, the oceans will boil dry and the water vapor will escape into space. In a billion years from now the Earth will be a very hot, dry and uninhabitable ball."<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br />Finally, between the next thousand years or so that Hawking says it will take man to make the planet uninhabitable and the billion years it will take for the sun to turn our planet into an arid wasteland, there is always the chance that <a href="http://bigthink.com/series/31?selected=18969#player"><span style="color: #a92900;">a nearby supernova</span></a>, <a href="http://bigthink.com/series/31?selected=18968#player"><span style="color: #a92900;">an asteroid</span></a>, or a<a href="http://bigthink.com/series/31?selected=17080#player"><span style="color: #a92900;">quick and painless black hole</span></a> could do us in. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: #FFCDBD; mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt;"><tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 9.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Takeaway</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /><br />One way or another, the life on Earth will likely become uninhabitable for mankind in the future. We need to start seriously thinking about how we will free ourselves from the constraints of this dying planet. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> </tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 9.0pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Why We Should Reject This Idea<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 9.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 9.0pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Despite what Hawking describes as humankind's "selfish and aggressive instinct," there may be some biological impediments to finding another planet to inhabit.<br /><br />"The nearest star [to Earth] is Proxima Centauri which is 4.2 light years away," says<a href="http://bigthink.com/katiefreese"><span style="color: #a92900;">University of Michigan astrophysicist Katherine Freese</span></a>, "That means that, if you were traveling at the speed of light the whole time, it would take 4.2 years to get there."<br /><br />Unfortunately, at the moment we can only travel at about ten thousandth of light speed, which means if man were to use chemical fuel rockets similar to the those used during the Apollo mission to the moon, the journey would take about 50,000 years. Without the use of a science-fiction-like warp drive or cryogenic freezing technology, no human would live long enough to survive the journey. In addition, "the radiation you would encounter alone would kill you, even if you could get a rocket to go anywhere near that fast," says Freese.<br /><br />On the upside, if man ever develops the technology to travel at the speed of light while remaining shielded from cosmic radiation, he could effectively travel into the future. "A five year trip at light speed could push an astronaut forward by 1000 earth years," says Freese, "If he wanted to see if any humans were still around by then."<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div>Global Warminghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11353487146513918826noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5057622078576171787.post-63120015232438396562010-08-12T05:20:00.000-07:002011-01-02T23:30:21.286-08:00Nevada's Renewable Energy<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9HBA0wctWe18IEwS-7ibBhkI6Hm1mn1FX9EDi2C2mIyx2l0Y2hzu_XBSBQk7VCGf3WfiNCYqhbMbHtBG9Dnk2gYAawHKNkX082vfdUHpZ01bee38zlczukx6pzFp53Fg0tDwnXox-X9oZ/s1600/nevada.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9HBA0wctWe18IEwS-7ibBhkI6Hm1mn1FX9EDi2C2mIyx2l0Y2hzu_XBSBQk7VCGf3WfiNCYqhbMbHtBG9Dnk2gYAawHKNkX082vfdUHpZ01bee38zlczukx6pzFp53Fg0tDwnXox-X9oZ/s320/nevada.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">I was down in </span><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Las Vegas</span></st1:city></st1:place><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> to attend a nephew’s wedding (which is why no posts for a couple of days) and got a chance to pick up this local story on renewable energy.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">It has been obvious to me that the state is the natural base for geothermal production with solar and wind as a bonus as it applies. Exporting this power first to </span><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">California</span></st1:state></st1:place><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> and then East is obvious.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">The State needs to make it as important as gambling and mining in terms of political support. It is able to produce thousands of local jobs and will anchor </span><st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Nevada</span></st1:place></st1:state><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">’s economy for as long as these sources are competitive which is likely forever. Even fusion energy will want to get properly paid out however cheap it turns out to be.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">In fact renewables do one thing well. They pay off their loans. Then they simply make money at a low cost base forever. No one can compete with a paid for windmill or a paid for geothermal plant or even paid for solar installations. Dams are exactly the same. The </span><st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Aswan</span></st1:place></st1:city><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> was paid off decades ago as was the Hoover Dam.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><st1:state w:st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Nevada</span></st1:state><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> needs to create an energy transmission trust to accelerate industry growth whose mandate is to hook up new supplies and get it first to </span><st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">California</span></st1:place></st1:state><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">. We are perhaps three to five years from an economic super conducting link into </span><st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">California</span></st1:place></st1:state><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">. Anything permitted today will feed that connection.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">To indicate just how important that will be consider that building a super conducting link from James Bay to New York will possibly double energy supply to New York. (I would love to have real numbers here by the way if you can help)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">The initial build out will strengthen the local power base and it is a good bet the Hoover Dam will quickly switch to superconducting lines providing the needed trunk. The State needs to be part of all that.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">In the meantime this item tells me they are all asleep as yet.</span><o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">RENEWABLE ENERGY: <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Nevada</st1:place></st1:state> shows powerful potential</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">But no one knows where political winds will blow <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br />By <a href="http://www.reviewjournal.com/about/print/rjstaff.html"><span style="color: #005ba2; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">JENNIFER ROBISON</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /><br /></span></i><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">NEVADANS SPLIT ON ENERGY<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /><br />If <st1:state w:st="on">Nevada</st1:state>’s voters don’t have strong opinions on renewable energy, they also don’t break one way or the other on whether offshore drilling should continue in the <st1:place w:st="on">Gulf of Mexico</st1:place> following the BP oil spill.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /><br />Just under half — 48 percent — of voters in a new Review-Journal survey said they oppose a ban on offshore oil drilling in the gulf. Another 37 percent said they support a drilling moratorium, while 15 percent remained undecided.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /><br />Mason-Dixon Polling & Research of Washington, D.C., conducted the survey from Monday through Wednesday. A total of 625 registered voters were interviewed statewide by telephone. The margin of error is 4 percentage points.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /><br /><st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">LAS VEGAS</st1:place></st1:city> REVIEW-JOURNAL<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://www.lvrj.com/business/nevada-shows-powerful-potential-99712784.html">http://www.lvrj.com/business/nevada-shows-powerful-potential-99712784.html</a></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /><br /><a href="http://media.lvrj.com/images/4684159-5-10.jpg">http://media.lvrj.com/images/4684159-5-10.jpg</a><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /><br />Sure, <st1:state w:st="on">Nevada</st1:state>'s practically all desert, but in one area, the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Silver</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">State</st1:placetype></st1:place> claims some of the greenest pastures on Earth.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">For green-energy potential, few places beat <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Nevada</st1:place></st1:state>.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But just how much potential the state offers will depend on a multitude of issues, including technological hurdles, financial obstacles and even political will. Some experts say renewables could completely displace fossil fuels such as coal and natural gas in <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Nevada</st1:place></st1:state>'s energy economy, while others assert the green-power movement is destined to peter out as the costs and inconveniences of such generation unfold.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Here's what is not up for debate: <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Nevada</st1:place></st1:state> owns one of the country's biggest renewable bases. Unlike most states, <st1:state w:st="on">Nevada</st1:state> offers major access to sunlight, <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">hot springs</st1:place></st1:city> and wind -- three key sources of green power.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Data from the federal Energy Information Administration show that nearly half of <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Nevada</st1:place></st1:state> has enough sunlight to generate at least 6 kilowatt hours of solar power per square meter daily. Another sizeable chunk receives enough sun to yield 4 to 6 kilowatt hours per square meter every day.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Roughly half the state houses enough underground hot springs to produce at least 80 milliwatts of geothermal power per square meter, and about 25 percent of Nevada has enough wind to host utility-scale wind farms.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">So rich is Nevada's renewable-power base that John White, executive director of the Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Technologies in Sacramento, Calif., said it's conceivable the state eventually could derive all of its power from alternative sources, and send leftovers to surrounding states.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">"<st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Nevada</st1:place></st1:state> is abundantly blessed with renewable-energy resources," White said. "There's no question <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Nevada</st1:place></st1:state> has the potential to be completely reliant on renewable energy for its power needs, and to be a net exporter."<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Nevada law requires power utility NV Energy to get 25 percent of its electricity from renewable sources by 2025, up from 12 percent in 2010.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">So, the state is already positioned for considerable growth beyond NV Energy's existing renewable portfolio of 1,200 megawatts, or 44 projects completed, planned or under construction. And that's not to mention the dozens of renewable projects in the state that are planned but contracted to sell power to the utility. The utility's 2009 conference for groups interested in offering renewable power to the company drew 240 attendees, so there's no shortage of interest in the state's green-power prospects.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">But <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Nevada</st1:place></st1:state> also has the goods to go national, becoming a distributor of renewable energy to other states, said David Hicks, NV Energy's director of renewable-energy procurement and technical services. Witness Sempra Generation's 58-megawatt <st1:placename w:st="on">Copper</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Mountain</st1:placetype> solar plant in <st1:placename w:st="on">Boulder</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">City</st1:placetype>, which will serve <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">California</st1:place></st1:state> customers of Pacific Gas & Electric.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">"It's clear the renewable potential in <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Nevada</st1:place></st1:state> far exceeds the demand for it under the portfolio standard," Hicks said. "There is significant potential to export renewable generation outside the state."<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Still, resources alone can't guarantee renewable development.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">"It's certainly conceivable that we could fuel our entire (car) fleet from cellulosic sources and get all of our electricity from renewable energy, but the cost would be staggering, in consumer prices, in government support and in other conveniences, such as more variable supplies of power," said Jerry Taylor, a senior fellow with the Cato Institute, a libertarian think tank in Washington, D.C.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">For an idea of how tough it will be to replace existing capacity, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Taylor</st1:city></st1:place> said, consider the difficulty states have experienced meeting renewable-power mandates. Nevada's standard, which the Legislature passed in 2001, went unmet until NV Energy achieved the requirement for the first time in 2008. The utility missed the mark again in 2009. Company executives have blamed timing issues on the shortfall. And three big utilities in <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">California</st1:place></st1:state> will fall about two percentage points short of their 20 percent mandate by year's end.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">But many of those portfolio deficits come from temporary travails, experts said. Get past those troubles, renewable advocates say, and green energy could really take off.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Consider financing. Before the real estate bust of two years ago, finding funding for construction of renewable plants was easier, Hicks said. Today, renewable developers have the same problems obtaining loans as any other sector is seeing, and that has made projects harder to finance. As the economy recovers, loans should pick up again, Hicks said.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">And then there are transmission lines. Or rather, there aren't transmission lines. Many renewables originate in remote areas far from existing grids, so the power the projects generate is stranded, unable to make its way into power companies' portfolios. Taylor said that's the case in Texas, for example, where some wind turbines yield power that goes nowhere, simply because the farms don't link to transmission networks.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Planned transmission solutions here include NV Energy's One <st1:state w:st="on">Nevada</st1:state> line (ONLine), a 235-mile connection that will link the utility to renewable generation in rural <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Nevada</st1:place></st1:state>. ONLine is scheduled for completion by early 2013.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">White said it would be relatively easy to beef up existing transmission corridors connecting Nevada to California, <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Arizona</st1:place></st1:state> and other Western states so that regional players could develop and share resources ranging from hydroelectricity to wind to biomass.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Technological barriers also could curb renewables' potential in <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Nevada</st1:place></st1:state>. Solar arrays need water -- the Solar Energy Industries Association estimates an average of 20 gallons per megawatt hour -- for everything from cooling exhaust steam to cleaning photovoltaic panels.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">The demand for water could be a big impediment in parched, arid <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Nevada</st1:place></st1:state>, though developers more recently have proposed solar plants that cool exhaust steam with air rather than water. As for washing panels, plants can use brackish or reclaimed water, White said.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Other technological obstacles could prove more enduring. The sun will always set, and the wind will always stop. That means a constant need for fossil fuel-generated backup power, <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Taylor</st1:place></st1:city> noted, and the power-grid whiplash resulting from a sudden cloudburst over a solar plant could cause brownouts or blackouts as the quick change in power sources shocks the system.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">The intermittent nature of renewables is especially an issue with wind farms. Wind typically blows most intensely during midwinter nights, rendering it useless during peak-power periods on hot summer days, <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Taylor</st1:place></st1:city> said.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Also likely to stick around are permitting issues. Renewable plants must obtain federal or state approval in a licensing process that can take years. Complying with the National Environmental Policy Act can create uncertainties for projects, as the environmental impact review could either turn up few problems or uncover development killers such as the presence of an en dangered species, Hicks said.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Uncertainties also surround federal subsidies that make today's renewable power economically viable. Many tax credits, grants and loan guarantees are set to expire in the next three years or so, which would leave renewable projects without the funding that makes them economically competitive with conventional energy sources. But White said improving technologies will reduce the costs of renewable power, and that should enable green projects to get built with less funding in the long run.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">The great unknown is whether the political will exists to stick with energy forms that can cost two to four times as much as conventional sources. A Mason-Dixon poll conducted for the Review-Journal doesn't show major voter sentiment in either direction, with 47 percent of <st1:state w:st="on">Nevada</st1:state> voters saying they would like to keep <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Nevada</st1:place></st1:state>'s renewable portfolio standard and 39 percent saying the Legislature should repeal the mandate. Another 14 percent were undecided. The margin of error is 4 percentage points.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">"As long as voters reward politicians for keeping these programs in place, then renewable-energy preferences, such as subsidies and mandates, will continue regardless of how renewables perform," <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Taylor</st1:place></st1:city> said.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Still, <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Taylor</st1:place></st1:city> said federal research shows renewables have a long way to go before they replace fossil fuels in the nation's energy makeup, so they are unlikely to dominate any individual state's energy profile. If all existing subsidies continue in perpetuity, renewable energy would rise to just 12.4 percent of electricity production by 2035, the Energy Information Administration projected.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">"There's a tremendous amount of overstatement regarding what will happen in the future given current policy trends," <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Taylor</st1:place></st1:city> said. "You need truly Herculean changes in the law to see anything close to what politicians talk about. Consumers would have to pay higher prices and be more vulnerable to dislocations on the grid."<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">But don't confuse the nation's renewable outlook with <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Nevada</st1:place></st1:state>'s, White responded. Follow serious conservation efforts with a "sustained and orderly build-out" of renewable capacity, and <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Nevada</st1:place></st1:state> could get all of its electricity from green power by 2050, he said.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">"There are challenges to renewable energy, but there are no show-stoppers."<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Contact reporter Jennifer Robison at jrobison@reviewjournal.com or 702-380-4512.</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>Global Warminghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11353487146513918826noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5057622078576171787.post-56345767535884428922010-08-12T05:16:00.000-07:002011-01-02T23:30:21.292-08:00Ward Churchill on the Liquidation of Natives in the Americas<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGAJGnqHF7cjEZbmbuj_HCSp7HkzYzZIkthWk0VNha4NhqXa0PldYawPdxNejD7jO8QrSdsEez5O5apwbBtTcfaJRCE4O7LNdRJ1CBGf02IdOq9lPWhqeLER6brx78LJAgCSGvXtnEjXNF/s1600/ca_NorthAmIndians.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGAJGnqHF7cjEZbmbuj_HCSp7HkzYzZIkthWk0VNha4NhqXa0PldYawPdxNejD7jO8QrSdsEez5O5apwbBtTcfaJRCE4O7LNdRJ1CBGf02IdOq9lPWhqeLER6brx78LJAgCSGvXtnEjXNF/s320/ca_NorthAmIndians.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">I have recently read a book written by Ward Churchill titled ‘a little matter of Genocide’ in which he fairly decently documents the liquidation of the Indians in the </span><st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Americas</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">. His book answers a lot of questions.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">I had long since reached the conclusion that the Indian population in </span><st1:place w:st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">North America</span></st1:place><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> could easily have reached 100,000,000 based on the apparent level of their agricultural technology. Ward Churchill comes up with a similar number, from a different direction although I do not think he quite believes it either.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">So we have a couple of question. One is obvious. If not, why not? Part of the answer may be an incomplete distribution of the technology, particularly that of the Amazonian Terra Preta. We could use that technology today to pack all six billion of us into the Amazon today. The real answer was a lack of broader political structures which also stifled Africa and </span><st1:place w:st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Eurasia</span></st1:place><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> for that matter.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">The only problem is that argument cuts the population back quite a bit but we are or should be facing tens of millions and hundreds of thousands all over the place. Early reports say exactly that.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">The second question is simply how we got rid of them. Now the answer becomes too easy. You simply force the settled populations out of their lands and into the woods were only a handful could actually survive.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">A raiding party goes into a tribe’s land, cut down the opposing warriors; capture a few for the slave ships, while most of the population disappears into the woods. You then burn out all the storage and housing and destroy the crops. Then you go home. Next spring you come in with settlers to grab the land and chase off any survivors.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">This was genocide as practiced sooner or later in </span><st1:place w:st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">North America</span></st1:place><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> and under the Spaniards and Portuguese. It was intended and well understood. Disease vectors occurred also and sped ahead of the outright clearing of the population. It just was not as sure as clearing. This all happened one step ahead of any actual mitigating power such as the church or army and like the Nazis, it was handled by specialists.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">The present Indian population is now recovering both in numbers and somewhat in terms of their culture. They are certainly recovering in terms of morale and will be in time proud members of the global civilization that is slowly emerging.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">One does not have to forgive George Washington in order to be proud of one’s country.</span><o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Crimes Against Humanity ©<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">by Ward Churchill <o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span><a href="http://www.dickshovel.com/crimes.html">http://www.dickshovel.com/crimes.html</a><o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: blue; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">NOTE:<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br />This article was originally written as an official paper of the Autonomous Confederation - American Indian Movement. It was passed along to me by AIM <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Colorado</st1:place></st1:state>...a member of the Autonomous Confederation.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <hr align="center" size="2" style="width: 18.75pt;" width="25" /> </span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">During the past couple of seasons, there has been an increasing wave of controversy regarding the names of professional sports teams like the <st1:city w:st="on">Atlanta</st1:city> "Braves," Cleveland "Indians," Washington "Redskins," and <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Kansas City</st1:place></st1:city> "Chiefs." The issue extends to the names of college teams like <st1:placename w:st="on">Florida</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">State</st1:placetype> <st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype> "seminoles," <st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename w:st="on">Illinois</st1:placename> "Fighting Illini," and so on, right on down to high school outfits like the Lamar (<st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Colorado</st1:place></st1:state>) "Savages." Also involved have been team adoption of "mascots," replete with feathers, buckskins, beads, spears and "warpaint" (some fans have opted to adorn themselves in the same fashion), and nifty little "pep" gestures like the "Indian Chant" and "Tomahawk Chop."</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">A substantial number of American Indians have protested that use of native names, images and symbols as sports team mascots and the like is, by definition, a virulently racist practice. Given the historical relationship between Indians and non-Indians during what has been called the "Conquest of America," American Indian Movement leader (and American Indian Anti-Defamation Council founder) Russell Means has compared the practice to contemporary Germans naming their soccer teams the "Jews," Hebrews," and "Yids," while adorning their uniforms with grotesque caricatures of Jewish faces taken from the Nazis' anti-Semetic propoganda of the 1930's. Numerous demonstrations have occurred in conjunction with games - most notably during the November 15, 1992 match-up between the Chiefs and Redskins in <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Kansas City</st1:place></st1:city> - by angry Indians and their supporters.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">In response, a number of players - especially African Americans and other minority athletes - have been trotted out by professional team owners like Ted Turner, as well as university and public school officials, to announce that they mean not to insult but to honor native people. They have been joined by the television networks and most major newspapers, all of which have editorialized that Indian discomfort with the situation is "no big deal," insisting that the whole things is just "good, clean fun." </span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">The country needs more such fun, they've argued, and a "few disgruntled Native Americans" have no right to undermine the nation's enjoyment of it's leisure time by complaining. This is especially the case, some have argued, "in hard times like these." It has even been contended that Indian outrage at being systematically degraded - rather than the degradation itself - creates "a serious barrier to the sort of intergroup communication so necessary in a multicultural society such as ours."<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Okay. let's communicate. We are frankly dubious that those advancing such positions really believe their own rhetoric but, just for the sake of argument, let's accept the premise that they are sincere. If what they say is true, then isn't it time we spread such "inoffensiveness" and "good cheer" around among all the groups so that everybody can participate equally in fostering the national round of laughs they call for? Sure it is - the country can't have too much fun or "intergroup" involvement - so the more, the merrier. Simple consistency demands that anyone who thinks the Tomahawk Chop is a swell pastime must be just as hearty in their endorsement of the following ideas - by the logic used to defend the defamation of American Indians - should help us all really start yukking it up.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">First, as a counterpart to the Redskins, we need an NFL team called "Niggers" to honor Afro-Americans. Half-time festivities for fans might include a simulated stewing of the opposing coach in a large pot while players and cheerleaders dance around it, garbed in leopard skins and wearing fake bones in their noses. This concept obviously goes along with the kind of gaiety attending the Chop, but also with the actions of the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on">Kansas</st1:state></st1:place> Chiefs, whose team members - prominently including black members - lately appeared on a poster ,looking "fierce" and "savage" by way of wearing Indian regalia. Just a bit of harmless "morale boosting," says the Chief's front office. You bet.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">So that the newly-formed Niggers sports club won't end up too out of sync while expressing the "spirit" and "identity" of Afro-Americans in the above fashion, a baseball franchise - let's call this one the "Sambos" - should be formed. How about a basketball team called the "spearchuckers/" A hockey team called the "Jungle Bunnies/" Maybe the "essence of these teams could be depicted by images of tiny black faces adorned with huge pairs of lips. The players could appear on TV every week or so gnawing on chicken legs and spitting watermelon seeds at one another. Catchy, eh? Well, there's "nothing to be upset about," according to those who love wearing "war bonnets" to the Super Bowl or having "Chief Illiniwik" dance around the sports arenas of Urbana, Illinois.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">And why stop there? There are plenty of other groups to include. "Hispanics?" They can be "represented" by the <st1:city w:st="on">Galveston</st1:city> "Greasers" and the <st1:city w:st="on">San Diego</st1:city> "Spics," at least until the <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Wisconsin</st1:place></st1:state> "Wetbacks" and Baltimore "Beaners" get off the ground. Asian Americans? How about the "slopes," "Dinks," "Gooks," and "Zipperheads?" Owners of the latter teams might get their logo ideas from editorial page cartoons printed in the nation's newspapers during World War II: slanteyes, buck teeth, big glasses, but nothing racially insulting or derogatory, according to the editors and artists involved at the time. Indeed, this Second World War-vintage stuff can be seen as just another barrel of laughs at least by what current editors say are their "local standards" concerning American Indians.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Let's see. Who's been left out Teams like the <st1:city w:st="on">Kansas City</st1:city> "Kikes," <st1:state w:st="on">Hanover</st1:state> "Honkies," <st1:city w:st="on">San Leandro</st1:city> "Shylock," Daytona "Dagos," and <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Pittsburg</st1:place></st1:city> "Polacks" will fill a certain social void among white folk. Have a religious belief? Let's all go for the gusto and gear up the <st1:city w:st="on">Milwaukee</st1:city> "Mackeral Snappers" and <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Hollywood</st1:place></st1:city> "Holy Rollers." The Fighting Irish of Notre Dame can be rechristened the "Drunken Irish" or "Papist Pigs." Issues of gender and sexual preference can be addressed through creation of teams like the <st1:city w:st="on">St. Louis</st1:city> "Sluts," <st1:city w:st="on">Boston</st1:city> "Bimbos," <st1:city w:st="on">Detroit</st1:city> "Dykes," and the <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Fresno</st1:place></st1:city> "Fags." How about the Gainsville "Gimps" and the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">richmond</st1:city></st1:place> "Retards," so the physically and mentally impaired won't be excluded from our fun and games?<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Now, don't go getting "overly sensitive" out there. None of this is dreaming or insulting, at least not when it's being done to Indians. Just ask the folks who are doing it, or their apologists like Andy Rooney in the national media. They'll tell you - as in fact they have been telling you - that there's no been no harm done, regardless of what their victims think, feel, or say. The situation is exactly the same as when those with precisely the same mentality used to insist that Step 'n' Fetchit was okay, or Rochester on the Jack Benny show, or Amos and Andy, Charlie Chan, the Frito Bandito, or any other cutesy symbols making up the lexicon of American racism. Have we communicated yet? Let's get just a little bit real here. The notion of "fun" embodied in rituals like the Tomahawk Chop must be understood for what it is. There's not a single non-Indian example used above which can be considered socially acceptable in even the most marginal sense. The reasons are obvious enough. So why is it different where American Indians are concerned? One can only conclude that, in contrast to the other groups at issue, Indians are (falsely) perceived as being too few, and therefore too weak, to defend themselves effectively against racist and otherwise offensive behavior.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Fortunately, there are some glimmers of hope. A few teams and their fans have gotten the message and have responded appropriately. <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Stanford</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype></st1:place>, which opted to drop the name "Indians" from, has experienced no resulting drop in attendance. Meanwhile, the local newspaper in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Portland</st1:city>, <st1:state w:st="on">Oregon</st1:state></st1:place> recently decided its long-standing editorial policy prohibiting use of racial epithets should include derogatory teams names. The Redskins, for instance, are now referred to as "the Washington team," and will continued to be described in this way until the franchise adopts an inoffensive moniker (newspaper sales in Portland have suffered no decline as a result). Such examples are to be applauded and encouraged. They stand as figurative beacons in the night, proving beyond all doubt that it is quite possible to indulge in the pleasure of athletics without accepting blatant racism into the bargain.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Nuremburg Precedents</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">On October 16, 1946, a man named Julius Stricher mounted the steps of a gallows. Moments later he was dead, the sentence of an international tribunal composed of representatives of the <st1:country-region w:st="on">United States</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">France</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Great Britain</st1:country-region>, and the <st1:place w:st="on">Soviet Union</st1:place> having been imposed. Streicher's body was then cremated, and - so horrendous were his crimes thought to have been - his ashes dumped into an unspecified German river so that "no one should ever know a particular place to go for reasons of mourning his memory."<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Julius Streicher had been convicted at <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Nuremberg</st1:city>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Germany</st1:country-region></st1:place> of what were termed "Crimes Against Humanity." The lead prosecutor in his case Justice Robert Jackson of the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">United States</st1:country-region></st1:place> Supreme Court had not argued that the defendant had killed anyone, nor that he had personally committed any especially violent act. Nor was it contended that Streicher had held any particularly important position in the German government during the period in which the so called Third Reich had exterminated some 6,000,000 Jews, as well as several million Gypsies, Poles, Slavs, homosexuals, and other untermenschen (subhumans).<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">The sole offense for which the accused was ordered put to death was in having served as publisher/editor of a Bavarian tabloid entitled Der Sturmer during the early-to-mid 1930s, years before the Nazi genocide actually began. In this capacity, he had penned a long series of virulently anti-Semetic editorials and ''news."<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Stories, usually accompanied by cartoons and other images graphically depicting Jews in extraordinarily derogatory fashion. This, the prosecution asserted, had done much to "dehumanize" the targets of his distortion in the mind of the German public. In turn, such dehumanization had made it possible or at least easier for average Germans to later indulge in the outright liquidation of Jewish "vermin." The tribunal agreed, holding that Streicher was therefore complicit in genocide and deserving of death by hanging.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">During his remarks to the Nuremburg tribunal, Justice Jackson observed that, in implementing its sentences, the participating powers were morally and legally binding themselves to adhere forever after to the same standards of conduct that were being applied to Streicher and the other Nazi leaders. In the alternative, he said, the victorious allies would have committed "pure murder' at <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Nuremberg</st1:city></st1:place> no different in substance from that carried out by those they presumed to judge rather than establishing the "permanent benchmark for justice" which was intended.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Yet in the United States of Robert Jackson, the indigenous American Indian population had already been reduced, in a process which is ongoing to this day, from perhaps 12.5 million in the year 1500 to fewer than 250,000 by the beginning of the 20th century. This was accomplished, according to official sources, "largely through the cruelty of Euro American settlers," and an informal but clear governmental policy which had made it an articulated goal to "exterminate these red vermin" or at least whole segments of them.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Bounties had been placed on the scalps of Indians any Indians in places as diverse as <st1:country-region w:st="on">Georgia</st1:country-region>, <st1:state w:st="on">Kentucky</st1:state>, <st1:state w:st="on">Texas</st1:state>, the Dakotas, <st1:state w:st="on">Oregon</st1:state>, and <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on">California</st1:state></st1:place> and had been maintained until resident Indian populations were decimated or disappeared altogether. Entire peoples such as the Cherokee had been reduced to half their size through a policy of forced removal from their homelands east of the <st1:place w:st="on">Mississippi River</st1:place> to what were then considered less preferable areas in the West.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Others, such as the Navajo, suffered the same fate while under military guard for years on end. The <st1:country-region w:st="on">United States</st1:country-region> Army had also perpetrated a long series of wholesale massacres of Indians at places like Horseshoe <st1:city w:st="on">Bend</st1:city>, Bear River, Sand Creek, <a href="http://www.dickshovel.com/was.html"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">the Washita River</span></a>, <a href="http://www.dickshovel.com/parts.html"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">the Marias River</span></a>, <st1:placetype w:st="on">Camp</st1:placetype> <st1:placename w:st="on">Robinson</st1:placename> and <a href="http://www.dickshovel.com/WKMasscre.html"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Wounded Knee</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Through it all, hundreds of popular novels - each competing with the next to make Indians appear more grotesque, menacing, and inhuman - were sold in the tens of millions of copies in the U.S. Plainly, the Euro American public was being conditioned to see Indians in such a way so as to allow their eradication to continue. And continue it did until the Manifest Destiny of the U.S a direct precursor to what Hitler would subsequently call Lebensraumpolitik (the politics of living space) was consummated.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">By 1900, the national project of "clearing" Native Americans from their land and replacing them with "superior" Anglo American settlers was complete; the indigenous population had been reduced by as much as 98 percent while approximately 97.5 percent of their original territory had ''passed'' to the invaders. The survivors had been concentrated, out of sight and mind of the public, on scattered "reservations," all of them under the self-assigned "plenary" (full) power of the federal government. There was, of course, no Nuremberg-style tribunal passing judgment on those who had fostered such circumstances in <st1:place w:st="on">North America</st1:place>. No <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">U.S.</st1:country-region></st1:place> official or private citizen was ever imprisoned never mind hanged for implementing or propagandizing what had been done. Nor had the process of genocide afflicting Indians been completed. Instead, it merely changed form.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Between the 1880s and the 1980s, nearly half of all Native American children were coercively transferred from their own families, communities, and cultures to those of the conquering society. This was done through compulsory attendance at remote boarding schools, often hundreds of miles from their homes, where native children were kept for years on end while being systematically '"deculturated" (indoctrinated to think and act in the manner of Euro Americans rather than as Indians). It was also accomplished through a pervasive foster home and adoption program including - blind adoptions, where children would be permanently denied information as to who they were/are and where they'd come from - placing native youths in non-Indian homes.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">The express purpose of all this was to facilitate a <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">U.S.</st1:place></st1:country-region> governmental policy to bring about the "assimilation" (dissolution) of indigenous societies. In other words, Indian cultures as such were to be caused to disappear. Such policy objectives are directly contrary to the United Nations 1948 Convention on Punishment and Prevention of the Crime of Genocide, an element of international law arising from the Nuremburg proceedings. The forced "transfer of the children" of a targeted "racial, ethnical, or religious group" is explicitly prohibited as a genocidal activity under the Convention's second article.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Article II of the Genocide Convention also expressly prohibits involuntary sterilization as a means of ''preventing births among" a targeted population. Yet, in 1975, it was conceded by the U.S. government that its Indian Health Service (IHS) then a subpart of the <a href="http://www.dickshovel.com/bur.html"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)</span></a>, was even then conducting <a href="http://www.dickshovel.com/IHSSterPol.html"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">a secret program of involuntary sterilization</span></a> that had affected approximately 40 percent of all Indian women. The program was allegedly discontinued, and the IHS was transferred to the Public Health Service, but no one was punished. In 1990, it came out that the IHS was inoculating, Inuit children in <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Alaska</st1:place></st1:state> with Hepatitis-B vaccine. The vaccine had already been banned by the World Health Organization as having demonstrated a correlation with the HIV-Syndrome which is itself correlated to AIDS. As this is written [March, 1993], a "field test" of Hepatitis-A vaccine, also HIV-correlated, is being conducted on Indian reservations in the northern plains region.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">The Genocide Convention makes it a crime against "humanity" to create conditions leading to the destruction of an identifiable human group, as such. Yet the BIA has utilized the government's plenary prerogatives to negotiate mineral leases "on behalf of" Indian peoples paying a fraction of standard royalty rates. The result has been "super profits" for a number of preferred <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">U.S.</st1:place></st1:country-region> corporations. Meanwhile, Indians, whose reservations ironically turned out to be in some of the most mineral-rich areas of <st1:place w:st="on">North America</st1:place>, which makes us, the nominally wealthiest segment of the continent's population, live in dire poverty.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">By the government's own data in the mid-1980s, Indians received the lowest annual and lifetime per capita incomes of any aggregate population group in the <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">United States</st1:place></st1:country-region>. Concomitantly, we suffer the highest rate of infant mortality, death by exposure and malnutrition, disease, and the like. Under such circumstances, alcoholism and other escapist forms of substance abuse are endemic in the Indian community, a situation which leads both to a general physical debilitation of the population and a catastrophic accident rate. Teen suicide among Indians is several times the national average<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">The average life expectancy of a reservation-based Native American man is barely 45 years; women can expect to live less than three years longer.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Such itemizations could be continued at great length, including matters like the radioactive contamination of large portions of contemporary Indian Country, the forced relocation of traditional Navajos, and so on. But the point should be made: Genocide, as defined in international law, is a continuing fact of day-to-day life (and death) for <st1:place w:st="on">North America</st1:place>'s native peoples. Yet there has been and is only the barest flicker of public concern about or even consciousness of, this reality. Absent any serious expression of public outrage, no one is punished and the process continues.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">A salient reason for public acquiescence before the ongoing holocaust in Native <st1:place w:st="on">North America</st1:place> has been a continuation of the popular legacy, often through more effective media. Since 1925, <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Hollywood</st1:place></st1:city> has released more than 2,000 films, many of them rerun frequently on television, portraying Indians as strange, perverted, ridiculous, and often dangerous things of the past. Moreover, we are habitually presented to mass audiences one-dimensionally, devoid of recognizable human motivations and emotions: Indians thus serve as props, little more. We have thus been thoroughly and systematically dehumanized.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Nor is this the extent of it. Everywhere we are used as logos, as mascots, as jokes: "Big Chief" writing tablets, "Red Man" chewing tobacco, "Winnebago," campers., "Navajo" and "Cherokee" and "Pontiac" and "Cadillac" pickups and automobiles. There are the Cleveland "Indians," the <st1:city w:st="on">Kansas City</st1:city> "Chiefs," the <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Atlanta</st1:place></st1:city> "Braves" and the Washington "Redskins" professional sports teams not to mention those in thousands of colleges, high schools, and elementary schools across the country each with their own degrading caricatures and parodies of Indians and or things Indian. Pop fiction continues in the same vein including an unending stream of New Age manuals purporting to expose the inner works of indigenous spirituality in everything from pseudo-philosophical to do-it-yourself styles. Blond yuppies from <st1:city w:st="on">Beverly Hills</st1:city> amble about the country claiming to be reincarnated 17th century <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Cheyenne</st1:place></st1:city> Ushamans ready to perform previously secret ceremonies.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">In effect, a concerted, sustained, and in some ways accelerating effort has gone into making Indians unreal. It is thus of obvious importance that the American public begin to think about the implications of such things the next time they witness a gaggle of face-painted and war-bonneted buffoons doing the "Tomahawk Chop" at a baseball or football game. It is necessary that they think about the implications of the grade-school teacher adorning their child in turkey feathers to commemorate Thanksgiving. Think about the significance of John Wayne or <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Charleston</st1:place></st1:city> Heston killing a dozen "savages" with a single bullet the next time a western comes on TV. Think about why Land-o-Lakes finds it appropriate to market its butter with the stereotyped image of an "Indian princess" on the wrapper. Think about what it means when non-lndian academics profess as they often do to "know more about Indians than Indians do themselves." Think about the significance of charlatans like Carlos Castaneda and Jamake Highwater and Mary Summer Rain and Lynn Andrews churning out "Indian" bestsellers one after the other,while Indians typically can't get into print.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Think about the real situation of American Indians. Think about Julius Streicher. Remember Justice Jackson's admonition. Understand that the treatment of Indians in American popular culture is not "cute'' or "amusing," or just "good, clean fun."<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Know that it causes real pain and real suffering to real people. Know that it threatens our very survival. And know that this is just as much a crime against humanity as anything the Nazis ever did. It is likely the indigenous people of the <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">United States</st1:place></st1:country-region> will never demand that those guilty of such criminal activity be punished for their deeds. But the least we have to expect - indeed to demand is that such practices finally be brought to a halt.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div>Global Warminghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11353487146513918826noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5057622078576171787.post-44452346535487172692010-08-12T05:10:00.000-07:002011-01-02T23:30:21.301-08:00The Mayan Terminal Period<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikyaNqeNm1xg-IsCCvqNY5juqibWgdzXsZJBpmFG3zn_YRebflHnZWvO0QLfUb6Wfk-KnL0pb-J6RewRoh9equK4SCDxvdnk19BJ1ugWXojN_dZ9wDoyG9ZKQ7cJuNta7X1ypKOLVYpwzp/s1600/mayan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikyaNqeNm1xg-IsCCvqNY5juqibWgdzXsZJBpmFG3zn_YRebflHnZWvO0QLfUb6Wfk-KnL0pb-J6RewRoh9equK4SCDxvdnk19BJ1ugWXojN_dZ9wDoyG9ZKQ7cJuNta7X1ypKOLVYpwzp/s320/mayan.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">What we are learning is that the medieval warming period was way more unique than we had expected, or at least it was uniquely strong. Its impact was to drive weather systems further south treating the </span><st1:placename w:st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Yucatan</span></st1:placename><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span><st1:placetype w:st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Peninsula</span></st1:placetype><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> to the weather conditions of most of </span><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Mexico</span></st1:country-region></st1:place><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">. The </span><st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">high point</span></st1:place></st1:city><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> appears to have lasted most of a century which is ample enough to depopulate anywhere.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">It is also oddly stated that this was the worst dry period over 3000 years. Unstated is the fact that 3000 years ago the Bronze Age optimum collapsed, I believe most likely due to human denudation of the Sahara. Likely a different climate regime was in place before 3000 years.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Most interesting to us is that the medieval maximum was both a likely optimum but also possibly uniquely warmer than would have been projected. Welcome to another interesting question.</span><o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Characterizing the Mayan Terminal Classic Period</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <hr align="left" color="#260146" noshade="" size="1" width="100%" /> </span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://www.co2science.org/articles/V13/N30/C1.php">http://www.co2science.org/articles/V13/N30/C1.php</a></i><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Reference</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><i></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><b><br /></b> Escobar, J., Curtis, J.H., Brenner, M., Hodell, D.A. and Holmes, J.A. 2010. Isotope measurements of single ostracod valves and gastropod shells for climate reconstruction: Evaluation of within-sample variability and determination of optimum sample size. <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Journal of Paleolimnology</span> </span></i><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">43</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">: 921-938.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">What was done<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">In the words of the authors, "sediment cores from Lakes Punta Laguna, Chichancanab, and Peten Itza on the Yucatan Peninsula were used to (1) investigate 'within-horizon' stable isotope variability (δ<sup>18</sup>O and δ<sup>13</sup>C) measured on multiple, single ostracod valves and gastropod shells, (2) determine the optimum number of individuals required to infer low-frequency climate changes, and (3) evaluate the potential for using intra-sample δ<sup>18</sup>O variability in ostracod and gastropod shells as a proxy measure for high-frequency climate variability."</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">What was learned<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">The five researchers report that their results "allow calculation of mean isotope values and thus provide a rough estimate of the low-frequency variability over the entire sediment sequence," and these results indicated that "relatively dry periods were <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">persistently dry</span> [italics added], whereas relatively wet periods were composed of wet and dry times."<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">What it means<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Escobar <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">et al</span>. state that their findings "confirm the interpretations of Hodell <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">et al</span>. (1995, 2007) and Curtis <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">et al</span>. (1996) that there were persistent dry climate episodes associated with the Terminal Classic Maya Period." In fact, they find that "the Terminal Classic Period from ca. AD 910 to 990 was not only <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">the driest period in the last 3,000 years</span>, but also a <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">persistently dry period</span> [italics added]." And in further support of this interpretation, they note that "the core section encompassing the Classic Maya collapse has the lowest sedimentation rate among all layers and the lowest oxygen isotope variability."<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">We additionally note, in this regard, that the AD 910 to 990 time period falls very close to the central section of the <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">frequency plot</span> of the time-of-occurrence of the Medieval Warm Period for many of the locations where it has been detected (to date) throughout the entire world, as may be seen from the <a href="http://www.co2science.org/data/timemap/mwpmap.html"><span style="color: #400065;">Interactive Map and Time Domain Plot</span></a> of our<a href="http://www.co2science.org/data/mwp/mwpp.php"><span style="color: #400065;">Medieval Warm Period Project</span></a>, which observation suggests that the climate of the Yucatan Peninsula during that time period likely was also <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">persistently warm</span>. And that "double whammy" of <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">persistent warmth</span> and <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">persistent dryness<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><br /></span></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">appears to have been just a bit too much for the Mayans of that trying time to endure.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">References</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><i></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><b><br /></b> Curtis, J.H., Hodell, D.A. and Brenner, M. 1996. Climate variability on the <st1:placename w:st="on">Yucatan</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Peninsula</st1:placetype> (<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Mexico</st1:country-region></st1:place>) during the past 3,500 years, and implications for Maya cultural evolution. <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Quaternary Research</span> </span></i><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">46</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">: 37-47.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Hodell, D.A., Brenner, M. and Curtis, J.H. 2007. Climate and cultural history of the <st1:placename w:st="on">Northeastern</st1:placename> <st1:placename w:st="on">Yucatan</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Peninsula</st1:placetype>, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Quintana Roo</st1:city>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Mexico</st1:country-region></st1:place>. <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Climatic Change</span> </span></i><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">83</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">: 215-240.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Hodell, D.A., Curtis, J.H. and Brenner, M. 1995. Possible role of climate in the collapse of classic Maya civilization.<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Nature</span> </span></i><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">375</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">: 391-394.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Reviewed 28 July 2010 </span><o:p></o:p></i></div>Global Warminghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11353487146513918826noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5057622078576171787.post-9721046643208078802010-08-11T08:36:00.000-07:002011-01-02T23:30:21.306-08:00What In The World is This Animal In Bloomfield Township?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTF-ixCp1xCjwN2E6sM8-NSp0PZlPyicj4WlPILyMZOH73vL6sVLEd_EmhT9b2jeL0K09LWGENnQ6mfValaBqwdF3RF0meARC560yrQrAzudOg8a6zOoWCwpifAHXJIC4QjnhmvsNw2XhG/s1600/closeup_20100806215827_320_240.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTF-ixCp1xCjwN2E6sM8-NSp0PZlPyicj4WlPILyMZOH73vL6sVLEd_EmhT9b2jeL0K09LWGENnQ6mfValaBqwdF3RF0meARC560yrQrAzudOg8a6zOoWCwpifAHXJIC4QjnhmvsNw2XhG/s320/closeup_20100806215827_320_240.JPG" /></a></div><h1 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></h1><h1 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></h1><h1 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></h1><h1 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">After this weekend’s picture of the alleged dead Chupacabra we have this set of photos. What I am seeing is a fox that has shed its outer coat. Notice the thinness of the tail and how the lack of fur lets the ears look larger. It may even be a coyote but fox seems more likely.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h1><h1 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal;"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></o:p></span></h1><h1 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Has the warm summer around the northern Hemisphere brought on a wave of shedding? Possibly, since we are seeing more than one case. The full molt argues against a simple skin disease which would show partial shedding.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h1><h1 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal;"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></o:p></span></h1><h1 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">One of these corpses that are in hand needs to be properly identified and we have plenty of biologists with the skills.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h1><h1 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal;"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></o:p></span></h1><h1 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">The Chupacabra appears to be a rare unrecognized vampire bat having the same mass as one of these foxes. We actually have two unusual animals scaring the chickens.</span><o:p></o:p></span></h1><h1 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></h1><h1 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 12.0pt;"><i>What In The World is This Animal In </i><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on"><i>Bloomfield</i></st1:placename><i> </i><st1:placetype w:st="on"><i>Township</i></st1:placetype></st1:place><i><o:p></o:p></i></span></h1><h1 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p><i> </i></o:p></span></h1><div class="fontstyle21" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #636363;"><i>Updated: Friday, 06 Aug 2010, 10:36 PM EDT<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="fontstyle21" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #636363;"><i><br />Published : Friday, 06 Aug 2010, 10:19 PM EDT<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="fontstyle21" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #636363;"><i><br /></i></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOaJE5wb7XRMcrAjtT0MJBf1XAalDuCwILB765GNxjPwWriBAmLhIHFPF-de7VQxDwOdD72LlebCuZBhwGKsLSu1sTUQahxoCyYcTy2vH_CtpA5F0fd1SErffsPLotHix-R4wpljQZqrxq/s1600/strangean7_20100806221434_320_240.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOaJE5wb7XRMcrAjtT0MJBf1XAalDuCwILB765GNxjPwWriBAmLhIHFPF-de7VQxDwOdD72LlebCuZBhwGKsLSu1sTUQahxoCyYcTy2vH_CtpA5F0fd1SErffsPLotHix-R4wpljQZqrxq/s320/strangean7_20100806221434_320_240.JPG" /></a></div><div class="fontstyle21" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #636363;"><i><br /></i></span></div><div style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #404040;"><i>((MyFoxDetroit.com Staff)) - Do you know what this is? Joel from </i><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on"><i>Bloomfield</i></st1:placename><i> </i><st1:placetype w:st="on"><i>Township</i></st1:placetype></st1:place><i> says this animal started showing up in his backyard yesterday.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #404040;"><i>He took a few photos and sent them to us to help identify the animal. Please scroll through them. We've sent them off to Veterinarian but until we hear back, what's your call?<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #404040;"><i>Add your ideas in the comment box below. We'll post the answers from the experts once we get them. See if you're right.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #404040;"><i>UPDATE: Some quick research has our staff thinking it's a mangy fox or a coyote. Still, what do you think?<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #404040;"><i>From James we have <o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><i>This animal is showing up all over the States... many of the nudnicks are calling it el chupacabra, okay... My thought is that there is more genetic splicing and cloning being done then we will ever know. For these things to be showing up all over the States, I don't know, just a bit too coincidental if you ask me.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><i><br />If you think that there aren't Dr Frankenstein's out there as well as fully funded Government labs making new and trying to revive old animals you living with your head in the sand.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><i><br />Every time they get a dead one they send it off for DNA testing and we never ever here anything about it again... it's also why when archeologists find anomalous artifacts the objects seem to vanish.... things like a 8000 year old human femur bone that is four feet long... or modern type tools embedded in coal a mile under the earth...fossilized modern human footprints that are right next to dinosaur footprints...<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><i><br />If you find these thing fascinating as I do, pick up "Forbidden Archeology" by Michael Cremo. It's a HUGE book and it will blow your mind to what they are hiding from us so not to upset the fake made up history that we have been fed and brainwashed to believe. Let's hold them to the DNA testing of these things, if it's a fox or a coyote I want to know.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><i><br /></i></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjexyJXWLXEKheErvOAiwDjMVEipC8VFfAs0nj6BtC3JXBI0eIK4oFejzdg0wFZxZm9s6lFRn4-gguzYlqRYXNdVQpO6AsJgb0ucuxGs_SZTfUlJT1IaIDJxMls5VZFyK6lrjdCE7dY-lTQ/s1600/strange9_20100806221727_320_240.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjexyJXWLXEKheErvOAiwDjMVEipC8VFfAs0nj6BtC3JXBI0eIK4oFejzdg0wFZxZm9s6lFRn4-gguzYlqRYXNdVQpO6AsJgb0ucuxGs_SZTfUlJT1IaIDJxMls5VZFyK6lrjdCE7dY-lTQ/s320/strange9_20100806221727_320_240.JPG" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcLxvpdifRNJtm9bnRVHxlcuUrYO00qbCVCdKtloEOM1MHL6CQQU4OqidGynbgB8cqHc2cHT6JLMN1IS1r2xIh0zEzUE6PtCfh_znczGmBIHicplS2QbqZk_yTGE8EVrycNZKweIgvejnO/s1600/strange4_20100806221205_320_240.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcLxvpdifRNJtm9bnRVHxlcuUrYO00qbCVCdKtloEOM1MHL6CQQU4OqidGynbgB8cqHc2cHT6JLMN1IS1r2xIh0zEzUE6PtCfh_znczGmBIHicplS2QbqZk_yTGE8EVrycNZKweIgvejnO/s320/strange4_20100806221205_320_240.JPG" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">And for a comparison, here is a fully furred fox with his bushy tail</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtmALBQbELrKAaQI-IhkzT3JyVsQJzYCbWecA8Lx55RogBl7b4rFkC9kX4AwVRm8G84A2n0yCXT0YmqewwP5WUJJKFO7TfKn6LhNWihu9n_iJOOdrw6dLWX4c7qxr0X7RVtcIOiYtFZPwg/s1600/red-fox-near-den_6140.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtmALBQbELrKAaQI-IhkzT3JyVsQJzYCbWecA8Lx55RogBl7b4rFkC9kX4AwVRm8G84A2n0yCXT0YmqewwP5WUJJKFO7TfKn6LhNWihu9n_iJOOdrw6dLWX4c7qxr0X7RVtcIOiYtFZPwg/s320/red-fox-near-den_6140.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><i><br /></i></span></div>Global Warminghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11353487146513918826noreply@blogger.com0